The History of China At the End of Xiii W.

In practice, the territories of Mongolia and Manchuria had within the Empire Yuan completely different from the former Chinese lands administrative and social structure. Mongolia was, as it were, a metropolis: the Mongol tribes still inhabited it. Stood a significant Mongolian army and the administration was carried out by the heir of the Yuan throne, whose residence was the Karakorum. In China, however, there was a synthesis of former Chinese orders and imported Mongolian structures.

On the one hand, Khubilai back in the 60s of the 13th century. Became widely involved in the service of Chinese dignitaries, applying the proposals they develop to manage the Chinese territory and the population. China was administratively divided into 10 provinces, within which the Chinese system of regions, counties and counties was preserved. Central authorities largely copied Chinese samples. It was taken the Chinese practice of titling the emperor and designating the motto of the years of his reign. At the beginning of the XIV century. The traditional Chinese system of examinations was selected at the time of selection for office (although it acted in a limited way). In the lower sections of the state apparatus there were many Chinese.

On the other hand, in large and medium-sized cities, in all provinces there were significant garrisons, the Chinese were not allowed to military command, the population was forbidden to have weapons. The highest administrative posts were occupied by the Mongols or immigrants from other countries of Central Asia. The entire population was divided into four categories: the Mongols, the Samurins - people from the central and the Asian countries; Hanjen - northern Chinese; Khitan and Jurchen; Nanren - southern Chinese. History of China at the end of the XIII century. ....

The first two categories enjoyed different privileges, the third and especially the fourth - experienced harassment. A huge amount of the population, in total from the Shchodom dachas of the country's courtyards, was handed over to the kinsfolk of the khan's house and the Mongolian military aristocracy, where they were almost full masters of the situation, themselves or through the managers who exploited the people. The Chinese military system Yuan did not meet the Chinese traditions, although the Chinese were enlisted in the military service by soldiers.

The Mongol conquest was accompanied by a new destruction of the productive forces of China. During the wars of the masses, the population was exterminated, cities were killed, property and land were plundered. Many people were captured by the Mongols, turned into bonded workers (jiuying), servants and slaves. This fate comprehended both peasants in the villages, and artisans in the cities, with the only difference that urban artisans were more often enslaved by the Mongolian central authorities.

History of China in the XIII century.