Relay-regulator of generator voltage: circuit, principle of operation

Relay-voltage regulator generator - is an integral part of the electrical system of any car. With its help, the voltage is maintained in a certain range of values. In this article, you will learn about what regulator designs exist at the moment, including mechanisms that have not been used for a long time.

Basic processes of automatic regulation

It does not matter what type of generating set is used in the car. In any case, it has a controller in its design. The automatic voltage regulation system allows to maintain a certain value of the parameter, regardless of the frequency with which the rotor of the generator rotates. The figure shows the relay-voltage regulator of the generator, its circuit and appearance.

Analyzing the physical basics with which the generator set works, it can be concluded that the output voltage increases if the rotor speed becomes higher. It can also be concluded that the regulation of the voltage is carried out by reducing the current applied to the rotor winding as the speed of rotation increases.

What is a generator

Any car generator consists of several parts:

1. A rotor with an excitation winding, around which an electromagnetic field is created during operation.

2. A stator with three windings connected according to the "star" scheme (from them an alternating voltage in the range from 12 to 30 volts is removed).

3. In addition, the design has a three-phase rectifier, consisting of six semiconductor diodes. It is worth noting that the relay-voltage regulator of the generator VAZ 2107 (injector or carburetor in the injection system) is the same.

But the generator without a voltage regulator can not work. The reason for this is a voltage change in a very large range. Therefore, it is necessary to use an automatic control system. It consists of a comparator, control, executive, master and special sensor. The main element is the regulatory body. It can be both electrical and mechanical.

Generator operation

When the rotation of the rotor starts, a voltage appears at the output of the generator. And it is fed to the excitation winding by means of an adjusting device. It is also worth noting that the output of the generating set is directly connected to the battery. Therefore, the voltage is constantly present on the field winding. When the speed of the rotor increases, the voltage at the output of the generator set begins to change. Connects the voltage regulator-voltage regulator of the generator Valeo or any other manufacturer to the output of the generator.

In this case, the sensor detects the change, sends a signal to the comparator, which analyzes it, comparing it with the specified parameter. Then the signal goes to the control device, from which the feed to the actuator is made. The regulating organ is able to reduce the value of the current that flows to the winding of the rotor. As a consequence, a voltage reduction occurs at the output of the generator set. In the same way, the mentioned parameter is increased in the case of a decrease in the rotor speed.

Two-level regulators

Two-level automatic control system consists of a generator, rectifier element, battery. The basis is an electric magnet, its winding is connected to the sensor. The driving devices in these types of mechanisms are very simple. These are normal springs. As a comparative device, a small lever is used. It is mobile and commutes. The contact device is the executive device. The adjustment is constant resistance. Such a relay-voltage regulator of the generator, the circuit of which is given in the article, is very often used in engineering, although it is morally obsolete.

Operation of the two-level controller

When the generator is running, a voltage appears on the output, which goes to the winding of the electromagnetic relay. In this case, a magnetic field arises, with it a lever arm is attracted. The spring acts on the latter, it is used as a comparator. If the voltage becomes higher than it should be, the contacts of the electromagnetic relay are entertained. In this case, a constant resistance is switched off in the circuit. A smaller current flows to the field winding. By a similar principle, the voltage regulator-voltage regulator of the VAZ-21099 generator and other cars of domestic and imported production operates. If, on the output, the voltage decreases, the contacts are closed, while the current strength is increased in the larger direction.

Electronic controller

Two-level mechanical voltage regulators have a big drawback - excessive wear of the elements. For this reason, instead of an electromagnetic relay, semiconductor elements operating in a key mode began to be used. The principle of operation is similar, only mechanical elements are replaced by electronic ones. The sensing element is made on a voltage divider, which consists of constant resistors. As the master, a zener diode is used.

The current relay-voltage regulator of the VAZ-21099 generator is a more perfect device, reliable and durable. Transistors operate the executive part of the control device. As the voltage at the output of the generator changes, the electronic key closes or opens the circuit, if necessary, connect an additional resistance. It should be noted that two-level regulators are imperfect devices. Instead of them it is better to use more modern developments.

Three-level control system

The quality of regulation for such structures is much higher than those considered previously. Earlier, mechanical structures were used, but today non-contact devices are more common. All the elements used in this system are the same as those considered above. But the principle of work differs slightly. First, the voltage is applied by means of a divider to a special circuit in which information is processed. Install such a relay-voltage regulator generator ("Ford Sierra" can also be equipped with similar equipment) is acceptable on any car, if you know the device and the wiring diagram.

Here, the actual value is compared with the minimum and maximum values. If the voltage deviates from the value that is set, then a certain signal appears. It is called a signal of mismatch. With its help, the current that enters the excitation winding is controlled. The difference from the two-level system is that there are several additional resistances.

Modern voltage regulation systems

If the relay-voltage regulator of the generator of the Chinese scooter is two-level, then expensive cars use more advanced devices. Multilevel control systems can contain 3, 4, 5 or more additional resistances. There are also tracking automatic control systems. In some designs, it is possible to avoid using additional resistances.

Instead, the frequency of activation of the electronic key increases. It is simply impossible to use circuits with electromagnetic relays in servo control systems. One of the latest developments is a multi-level control system that uses frequency modulation. In such constructions, additional impedances are required, which serve to control the logical elements.

How to remove the relay-regulator

To remove the relay-voltage regulator of the generator ("Lanos" or the domestic "nine" you do not really matter) is quite simple. It is worth noting that when replacing the voltage regulator, only one tool is needed - a flat or cross-head screwdriver. It is not necessary to remove the generator or belt and its drive. Most devices are located on the back cover of the generator, and are combined into a single unit with a brush mechanism. The most frequent breakdowns occur in several cases.

First, with the complete erasure of graphite brushes. Secondly, in the breakdown of a semiconductor element. How to test the regulator will be described below. When removing, you need to disconnect the battery. Disconnect the wire that connects the voltage regulator to the generator output. Having unscrewed both fixing bolts, it is possible to pull out the case of the device. But the relay-voltage regulator of the VAZ-2101 generator has an obsolete design - it is mounted in the engine compartment, separate from the brush assembly.

Device check

The relay-voltage regulator of the generator VAZ 2106, "kopecks", foreign cars is checked equally. As soon as you make the removal, look at the brushes - they should have a length of more than 5 millimeters. In the event that this parameter is different, you need to replace the device. To perform the diagnostics, you need a constant voltage source. It is desirable that the output characteristic can be changed. A battery and a pair of finger batteries can be used as a power source. You still need a lamp, it should work from 12 volts. Instead, you can use a voltmeter. Connect the plus from the power supply to the voltage regulator connector.

Accordingly, the negative contact is connected to the general plate of the device. A light bulb or a voltmeter is connected with brushes. In this state, there should be voltage between the brushes, if 12-13 volts are applied to the input. But if you feed more than 15 volts to the input, there should be no voltage between the brushes. This is a sign of serviceability of the device. And it does not really matter, the voltage regulator relay-voltage regulator is diagnosed VAZ 2107 or another car. If the control lamp is lit at any voltage value or does not light up at all, then there is a malfunction of the node.

conclusions

In the electrical system of the car, the relay-voltage regulator of the "Bosch" generator (as, indeed, any other company) plays a very important role. As often as possible, keep track of his condition, check for damage and defects. Cases of failure of such a device are not uncommon. At the same time, the battery will be discharged at best. And at worst, the supply voltage in the on-board network can increase. This will lead to the failure of most consumers. In addition, the generator itself may fail. And its repair will cost a tidy sum, and if you consider that the battery will quickly fail, the costs are also cosmic. It is also worth noting that the relay-voltage regulator of the Bosch generator is one of the leaders in sales. It has high reliability and durability, and the characteristics are as stable as possible.