Volume control: scheme and application

To change the sound settings, there are special controls. By frequency, they are divided into active, as well as passive. Additionally, the separation is carried out according to the type of setting. The most common are digital regulators. They are created for different types of amplifiers and have their own channel. To understand the principle of operation of these devices, it is necessary to thoroughly understand their device.

How is the regulator arranged?

An important element of the regulator is considered to be microcircuits. By their parameters, they may quite differ. If we consider professional models, then there are up to 100 different contacts. In addition, there is a controller in the controller, which is engaged in changing the limiting frequency of the device. Capacitors cope with interference in the device. In a simple model, there are up to four. Usually one can find ceramic capacitors in the regulator . Their frequency, as a rule, is indicated in the marking.

In professional models, capacitors are installed electrolytic. Conductivity is much better for them, but they are expensive. Resistors in the standard scheme can be found up to ten units. They differ from each other in limiting resistance. The simplest models can boast a parameter of 2 Ohms. Resistors with such indicators are found quite often. Finally, the last element of the regulator should be called the closing mechanism. Most often it is presented as a button, however there are models with a complex display system.

Application of the electronic model

Electronic volume control is installed on almost all audio devices. In this case, it is possible to change the oscillations in various ways. Most often you can meet the smooth controllers, which allow very fine insist sound, but there are jump systems. In this case, the parameters are changed step by step and dramatically. In sound recording studios there are multi-channel devices for mixers. They allow you to adjust a variety of effects. If we consider a combined electronic volume control, much in this case depends on the speaker system.

Self-assembly regulator

In order to assemble the volume control with your own hands for an average power amplifier, you need a microchip at least 8 bits. Transistors are best used for bipolar transistors. Usually they are presented in the store with the marking "2NN". The resistance index for them on the average fluctuates around 3 ohms. The controllers are mostly linear. They allow a fairly smooth change in the limiting frequency. In this case, the amplitude of the interference will depend exclusively on the capacitors.

For a conventional controller, it will be sufficient to install three of them. LEDs can only be used with a pair of rectifiers. In some cases, in order to make the volume control with your own hands, additionally at the beginning of the circuit it is advised to use a zener diode. This element significantly increases the efficiency of resistors and the regulator as a whole.

How are the headphone controls arranged?

The volume control for headphones has only two capacitors. A distinctive feature of such devices can be called weak bandwidth. The signal in many models goes a long way. This is due to the fact that the transistors are not designed for high power. In some regulator models, resonators are installed. They are of different types and have their own parameters. Quartz resonators can be found most often . The resistance parameter at them reaches 4 Ohm. In turn, ferrite analogs can withstand only 2 ohms. Connects the headphone volume control to the speaker with the throttle.

Scheme of tone control

The tone and volume controls of the controller are operational. It is suitable for amplifiers of different power. Diodes are rarely installed in this case. Rectifiers are only in models where the transistors are less than three pieces. Resistors in the devices are switched on with the marking "ВС". Their throughput is quite good, but they are sensitive to high temperatures. Capacitors in many models are bipolar. Ultimate impedance, the tone and volume controls can withstand at 3 ohms. In the standard model, the socket has an "PPA" for a conventional ring. A choke with a resistor is connected only via a converter.

How do I set the controller in Windows?

The adjustment of the regulator is quite simple. There is an icon for this item in the Start panel. Pressing it once with the left key, you can change the frequency limit. In some cases, the user does not see the specified icon. This is due to the fact that the Windows volume control is not added to the notification area. Usually it is transferred in automatic mode by the operating system. However, this action can be performed manually through the control panel. Also, the reason may be the absence of the Sndvol.exe file. In this case, a copy of it must be saved on the computer.

Stereo controller settings

Their noise ratio is around 70 dB. The nonlinear distortion parameter is usually 0.001%. The operating frequency range ranges from 0 to 10,000 Hz. The input voltage of the device is 0.5 V. In many models, the controllers are installed reversible. The output voltage in this case should be equal to no more than 0.5 V. Stereo stabilizer The volume control is usually pulsed. The device is powered by a unit with a voltage of up to 15 V.

Models of microphones with regulators

The microphone with the volume control is by now a common device, and the chip in it usually has a series of "MK22". The carrying capacity of the models is quite high, the signal goes well. In the standard diode circuit, there are two. One of them, as a rule, is located near the locking mechanism. Condensers are installed with different parameters. This is necessary in order to monitor frequencies of different sizes.

Resistance in them is kept to an average of 4 ohms. Condensers in the regulator should only be electrolytic. In this case it will give a big gain to the sensitivity of the device. Resistors in the standard circuit are available up to eight units. They resist, on average, at a level of 3 ohms. Directly locking mechanism volume control is in the form of a controller.

Push Button Regulator Circuit

The button volume control (shown below) differs from other devices in that the diodes are located in pairs. As a result, the chip quickly transmits the signal to the resistor. Rectifiers in many models are not available, and this should be taken into account. Capacitors in the standard scheme is provided up to three units. Resistance in them is maximum maintained at a level of 2 ohms. The noise figure for such models on average fluctuates around 50 dB.

The nonlinear distortion index, in turn, is 0.002%. Among the shortcomings, there are certain problems with unevenness. This is due to the small range of operating frequencies. In some cases, it makes sense to install an amplifier with a voltage of more than 15 V. In this case, the sound parameters will increase.

Passive regulators

Passive volume control differs from other devices in that it is made by multi-channel. Resistance to them on average is maintained at 3 ohms. Locking mechanisms are installed standard. In turn, the controllers in them are exclusively digital. Due to this, it is more accurate to synchronize stereo sound in the device. Thus, the problem with unevenness disappears by itself.

Resistors in many models are trimmed type. A distinctive feature of professional models is the presence of a resonator. The output voltage of this element can reach up to 8 V. Most often in regulators they are installed in a quartz type. There are two capacitors in the standard circuit. The chip in the system is designed for 8 bits.

Using Active Models

Active volume control, as a rule, is used for receivers whose power does not exceed 5 V. Resistors in it are available with a resistance of about 4 ohms. Resonators are installed quartz. A distinctive feature of these regulators can be called signal relays. Chokes, as a rule, are not used in devices. Amplifiers are only agreed to operating type. In this connection, there is no need for rectifiers. Display systems in devices can be found in a wide variety. For mobile devices, such a volume control is not suitable.

Combined regulator circuit

The combined volume control (shown below) of capacitors has no more than five pieces. Transistors can be used only bipolar type. Their throughput is quite high. Resistance is maintained at an average of 3 ohms. Transistors linear in the system are provided. Stabilizers are only available in professional models. Their limiting frequency does not exceed 4000 Hz.

How is the thin-compensated regulator arranged?

Regulators of this type are mainly used in radio tape recorders. The system of their device is quite simple. The microcircuit in the device is installed in the "KR2" series. The controller itself is linear type. A transistor uses only one. It is located next to the chip.

There are only two capacitors. Most often you can find an electrolytic type. The nominal power they are able to withstand at the level of 16 V. However, the output signal by the device is perceived rather poorly. There are no more than five resistors in the regulator. All of them are installed with a limiting frequency of about 3000 Hz.

Professional Models

Professional audio volume controllers have multi-channel. Given this, they need a trimmer resistor for normal operation . It is, as a rule, next to the condenser. The system is calculated for a load of 8 bits. The closing mechanism in the device is installed as usual. The noise figure of the device reaches a maximum of 55 dB. In some cases, the nonlinear distortion index is capable of exceeding 0.001%.

The operating frequency averages around 2000 Hz. With a uniformity, such schemes are rarely experienced. The output voltage of the device is equal to 0.5 V. Resistor resistance is maximum withstand 3 Ohm. Converters in the system are provided, and they are attached to the board only through a choke. Capacitors in the standard model have about three units. They are quite enough to cope with different signals. Near the device socket, a ferrite ring is necessarily located .

Electronic tone controls

All electronic controls are compact in size, and the ultimate voltage can withstand a large. In this case, they can not work without an amplifier. Stabilizers, as a rule, are applied only linear. Chains of diodes are located immediately behind the board.

Distortions by the device are suppressed due to the resistors. With the limiting frequency, the regulator is assisted by stabilizers. Rectifiers are installed very rarely. The power consumption of such devices is high, and they do not need to be used in converters. You can see these devices on mixers quite often.