Political system. The concept. The main hvidy state system

The state system - this concept is often used in constitutional law, giving it a broad meaning. The definition covers the fundamentals of the organization of the state and society, the organization of power, characterizes political relations, personal status, the basis of local self-government (if any), the system of state power bodies reflected in the Constitution.

In the opinion of a number of authors, the concept of "state system" is identical to the constitutional one.

The form of the device is a territorial organization, the structure of the country with the appropriate distribution of powers among regional and central levels of government.

The state can have a simple or complex structure. For simple, you can, for example, include Bulgaria, Poland, the Republic of Belarus. These countries do not have sovereignty and can not be objects of foreign policy relations.

Complexities should be called states, united by separate entities that had all the signs of statehood, including sovereignty. At the same time, a part of their sovereign rights, elements of the country's structure were transferred voluntarily to the central higher bodies.

The main types of state system:

1. Unitary structure of the country. The state system of this type is characteristic of Portugal, Denmark. In these countries, the division of the territory is carried out only in sectors that are not endowed with sovereignty. In such a state there is only one Constitution, the monetary system, the structure of government bodies and legislation. Unitary countries can have autonomous formations in their structure, separate elements of federalism (in some cases this form is called "regionalist"). As an example, which characterizes the latter definition, we can cite Italy. In this country there are twenty regions divided into provinces (in the regions there are councils that perform administrative, legislative and other tasks).

2. The federal state system characterizes the country as an alliance in which its subjects (constituent elements) and formations have signs of the state. These attributes include the constitution, the structure of state power and so on. Along with this, the authorities in the subjects and formations, as well as the power structures of the country (police, armed forces) are subordinate to federal authorities.

The Federation can be territorial - in this case a large country is divided by territories. Such a state system is the United States.

The federation can be national - in this case the division in the country occurred in accordance with the living nationalities in certain territories. Yugoslavia is such a device.

In addition, the federation may have a national-territorial (mixed) structure, such as the Russian Federation has.

3. The empire is a fairly large and complex state, uniting other nations or countries as a result of colonization, conquest and other things. This structure is based on coercion and violence. The empire disintegrates when they disappear (as happened with the Roman, Russian empires).

When considering the question of state structures, such a notion as "confederation" should be clarified. This device is characterized as a voluntary union of countries united to achieve common goals, for example, in the military, economic or political sphere. The elements (subjects) entering into the confederation reserve all their rights (sovereign states). Countries do not have a common territory, citizenship, constitution, monetary system, legislation, taxation system . The existence of a confederation is supported by the contributions of its subjects.