Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives. Russian language

The adjective answers the question "what?", As well as "what?", "What?", "What?", "Whose?" And is an independent part of speech. In our language, adjectives can vary by case, number and gender, and also have a short and full form. In the sentence, this part usually speaks as the definition or, more rarely, the predicate.

Discharges of adjectives

The lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives are the only morphological sign of this part of speech, which remains unchanged. Traditionally, according to grammatical characteristics and meaning, adjectives are divided into three categories: relative, possessive and qualitative. However, this is not the only classification given by modern linguistics. So, in the "Russian grammar" published in 1980, two types of classifications of adjectives are proposed: the first is based on a character called adjective trait; The second - on the nature of the designation of the feature.

Classifications

According to the first variant of classification, lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives are divided into two types: relative and qualitative. In this case, the relative are subdivided into pronominal, ordinal and relative ones, which can be possessive and non-possessive.

According to the second classification, adjectives are divided into pronominal and significant. Then the significant ones are divided into relative and qualitative, and the relative ones are divided into ordinal and relative ones, which are possessive and non-possessive.

As for the school curriculum, it presents a classification according to which three classes are distinguished: possessive, relative and qualitative. In this article we will give a detailed explanation of this classification, including an additional ordinal discharge.

Qualitative adjectives

A qualitative adjective is a member of a sentence that indicates the attributes of objects that are manifested to a lesser or greater degree.

Their lexical meaning is very diverse and can mean:

• Properties of objects: sweet, elastic, long, etc .;
• Color: pink, faded, dull, etc .;
• Physical characteristics of living beings: young, low, stately, thin, etc .;
• Character traits and spiritual qualities: cute, strict, evil, honest, touchy, etc.

In addition, qualitative adjectives can sometimes form antonymic pairs. For example, wide - narrow, low - high, evil - good, etc.

Education

A qualitative adjective is an adjective that is formed according to one's own laws:

• With the help of suffixes: -ив, -чивым, -ов, -лив, -ast, -ист. For example: playful, silvery, playful.
• Forms are formed that reflect a subjective assessment: dark, white, kind, light.

In addition, from such adjectives can be formed:

• Abstract nouns with suffixes: -in (a), -est, -ost, -out (a). For example: fresh - freshness, white - whiteness, deaf - deafness, severe - severity.
• Adverbs ending in -e, -o, -i. For example: fresh - fresh, beautiful - beautiful, brutal - brutal.

Grammatical properties

Some lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives have their own grammatical features. In particular, qualitative adjectives:

• Have a degree of comparison: beautiful - scary, more terrible (comparative degree); The most terrible, the most terrible, the most terrible (excellent degree) ;
• They are combined with such dialects as: very, very, very, etc.;
• Forms of adjectives can be concise and complete, but this grammatical feature is peculiar only to qualitative adjectives.

It is these grammatical features that qualitative adjectives differ from other categories of adjectives.

Relative adjectives

We continue to consider lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives. In turn, relative adjectives, characterized by serving to indicate the characteristics of an object by indicating its relation to the animal, man, action, other object, number, time, action.

For example: a children's table - a table for children; Metal fork - metal fork; Tomorrow is the day that will be tomorrow; The northern village is a village in the North and so on.

The relative adjectives lack the grammatical features characteristic of qualitative ones. However, the relative have their own characteristics, by which they are quite easily distinguished from the adjectives of other categories. So, they have synonyms among nouns: a city street is a city street, a school building is a school building.

Possessive adjectives

The lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives include, according to the school classification, and possessive. So the names of adjectives are called, which express the attributes of objects by calling the belonging of objects to the owners, who can be both a person and an animal. Such adjectives are formed by attaching suffixes -inh, -in, -ov, -ev, -sk, -y, -insk, -evsk / -sk.

Possessive pronouns are divided into a number of groups.

Group I

Regardless of the discharge, the adjective answers the question "what, what, what", so this parameter is useless in determining the discharge of this part of speech. However, there are other signs, most of which are set forth in this article. As for groups of possessive adjectives, they are selected depending on the suffixes. So, consider the I group.

Adjectives of this group are called adjectives. They are formed with the suffixes -nin, -in, -ev, -o. For example: father, grandfather, sister. They are used exclusively in the nominative case, in a brief form and have a special declension.

Such adjectives are formed by attaching nouns to the stem, which are called animals and persons, mentioned above suffixes. To date, they are used very rarely. Instead of them, the genitive case of nouns is used. For example: a sister's coat, a brother's briefcase.

Group II

In order to quickly determine the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives, it is necessary to learn the rules presented here. Here is the next one.

The second group includes possessive adjectives with the suffixes -y / -y. For example: wolf, fox. They denote not an individual accessory, but a generic one. Formed adjectives from nouns, which are called animals and faces. For example: wolf pack, bird hubbub, maiden pride. In some textbooks, such adjectives are considered relatively relative-possessive (this is described in more detail below).

A number of adjectives with similar suffixes are used in a figurative sense and are part of stable combinations. For example: bear service, bearish gait, wolfish appetite.

Group III

The third group includes the full forms of adjectives, which indicate the belonging of a thing to a certain person. They are formed with the help of suffixes-issk, -sk, -insk. For example: Pushkin's story, Chekhov's drama, Yesenin's poetry.

A number of linguists believe that this group can be attributed and adjectives, which were formed from the names of settlements and serve to indicate belonging to them. For example: the Moscow plant, orlovskaya area. However, this contradicts logic, since possessive adjectives indicate the belonging of an object to an animate being. But here are the adjectives, which denote the attributes of a thing by its belonging to another object, are called relative. Therefore, the word combinations "city park", "evening newspaper" and "Leningrad street" will indicate the relativity of adjectives.

Lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives: table

In the Russian language school courses, lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives are studied, briefly presented in this table.

Ordinal Adjectives

The adjectives of this category denote the attributes of an object through its relation to quantity and number. They are formed from numerals, denoting the number. Example: five-fifth, eighty-seven-eighty-seventh. A distinctive feature of the formation of ordinal adjectives is that in compound constructions only the second part of the word combination changes. For example, in one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two (year).

Permeability of lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives

The same adjective can refer to different digits. This phenomenon is called permeability. Consider the main types of adjectives that can belong to different digits.

• Qualitative-relative - relative adjectives that acquire qualitative values. For example: a golden spoon (a spoon made of gold) - gold hands (characterizes a skillful person).
• Relatively-qualitative - qualitative adjectives, in which an additional relative value has developed. For example: a deaf person (denotes quality) - a deaf sound (a relative value indicating a phonetic feature).
• Qualitative-possessive - possessive adjectives, which act as quality. For example: the wolf's lair (belongs to the wolf) is a wolfish custom (cruel rules, qualitative value).
• Relatively possessive - possessive adjectives, which are used in the role of relative. For example: the bear's den is a bear's fur coat.
• Possessive-relative are adjectives formed with the suffix -sk, used in relative sense. For example: Esenin verses - Yesenin readings.

These are the basic lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives.