What are splints? The value of the obsolete word

Do you often find such a word as lubok? No, it's rare. This is understandable, because the word is considered obsolete and not everyone even knows its meaning. So what is a splint? We will tell below.

They were popular in Germany, in France. Factories for their production were located in many countries and cities. The arrival of a peddler or visiting a fair was a very joyful event for the whole family. After all, everyone could find interesting goods for themselves. For children - fairy tales, for women - useful advice, for men - lubki with images of history and battles. Thanks to such boards people began to learn more about the world and their country. After all, before they were even more limited in this.

Lubok: meaning of the word, meaning

So, lubok (in the most common sense of the word) is a kind of folk graphics, a picture, a drawing with the addition of inscriptions. A distinctive feature is the simplicity of the images depicted. This kind of folk art is performed first in the technique of engraving on copper or woodcut, and then painted by hand. They depicted mostly heroes of fairy tales and bylina.

This name is formed from boards of special sawing. They were called lub (hence the word "deck"). Before they began to make images on boards, they were still used for similar purposes. For example, drawings were made on them, they wrote plans. At first, the pictures were called "fryazhskimi sheets", and then simply lubkov.
The meaning of the word lubkov in the explanatory dictionary is ambiguous. For example, a splint is also a plate of a fresh layer of tree bark. That is, the inner part of the bark, mostly young deciduous trees. It is often made of small wooden boxes, drawers.

Another purpose of lubkov (the meaning of the word in the dictionary confirms this information) is help with fracture. This name was worn by a tire for the early splicing of bone tissue. So called and the bowls, boxes made of this material.

Often a shred also means a lime board, on which an engraving of the image necessary for printing was later produced. But much less often the word has such importance as "literature" (popular literature). Such works were distinguished by the utmost simplicity, we can say - primitiveness. They were not only in content, but in design as well.

The value of the obsolete word lubok was not always used for images or making boxes. Dry lubok also covered and the upper part of the roof in the villages. But that it was suitable for this, the luboku needed to undergo certain training. At first, he was dried all summer in the forest, then cleared from the outer thick crust, steamed, and then again dried under oppression. And only then they were taken out of the forest. Necessarily in a straightened position.

Synonyms for slovok

So, having studied the meaning of the word lubok, the 4th grade of the school assumes familiarization with the synonyms of the word. One of the main is the bast. Lyko is also the inner part of the bark of a young tree. Still not strong подкорье. How the material is used in a variety of products.

The next common (but less well-known) synonym is agitambok. Agitlubok is the same splint, but with agitational inclination. His images are more intelligible and capacious, and they call for anything.

Another little-known synonym is a joker. A joker is not just a picture, but a lubok with a comic image, with a certain satire or caricature.

In more scientific terms, lubok is simply called a bast. If we take the value not as a bark, but as an image, then it is often called in the usual way - a picture.

History of lubok as graphics

Lawns originated in China. Until the eighth century they were completely carried out by hand, and only since it began to perform them in the technique of engraving. Further lubok appeared in Europe. Here he initially began to be performed in the technique of woodcuts. Woodblock is an engraving on a tree. Later, copper engravings and lithographs began to be added. Lithography is the imprint of an image from something flat on paper. Immediately, the prints were used not only as an ordinary image, but also as an agitational or promotional material. This was facilitated by their simplicity and intelligibility.

There were also splinters and obscene content. They were popular mostly in Europe, but they also got to Russia. Mostly from France and Germany.

Ubiquitous distribution

Let's consider, what such fuzz in understanding of inhabitants of the East. His colors were much brighter. And at the end of the XIX century, he began to draw in the form of comics.

In the XVI-XVII centuries and in Russia there were some "Fryazh sheets" or "German funny sheets." Here the images were made on special boards, which were called bast. Began to appear not only boards with images, but also boxes and boxes painted in this technique. Also there were paper cuts.

Lubki in Russia have become quite widespread, because they cost inexpensively, they looked beautiful. Such sheets performed both social and entertaining roles. It was from them that went all the modern and well-known posters, comics, calendars.

Plots

In the beginning, the plots for lubkov were manuscript legends, some oral stories, tales or bylins. After the plot began to be taken from foreign works and almanacs. They were taken from the stories of writers like Goethe or Radcliffe.

By the end of the XIX century, images on the subject of Holy Scripture or portraits of famous and statesmen became more popular. In the images began to invest a deeper meaning. Even if this was not agitation, it still had some kind of enlightening character. Often these were simple illustrations to fairy tales or images of cities.

Types of lubkov

The meaning of the word lubok is multifaceted and diverse, and its species can be listed for a very long time:

• Spiritual (religious) - images that are similar to icons. They could also have parables or some moral teachings.
• Fabulous - the usual illustrations for a variety of fairy tales. Images of warriors, wizards.
• Holidays - oddly enough, but on this type of lubok sacred, and not different festivals were depicted.
• Philosophical - like a spiritual, but without a religious nature.
• Historical - the stories taken from the annals. It was also depicted battles, just historical events, cities. Sometimes even topographic maps.
• Legal - images of the court.
• Cavalry - on such shots represented horsemen on horses.
• A joker is a cartoon, a satirical image.

Manufacture and manufacture of lubkov

Production of lubkov engravers. They were also called "Fryazh carved masters." Among such people there was the term "sign". So called the process of drawing and painting the picture. Therefore, duties were usually shared. That is, first the flag-bearer applied the drawing itself, and then the engraver had already cut it out on the necessary material. There was also a term like "translation". The so-called copying of lubkov.

The manufacturing process consisted of the following: on the board, the drawing was first applied with a pencil, then with a knife the places that were supposed to be white deepened. The board was lubricated, and then squeezed press to the paper. As a result, the black outlines of this image remained on it.

Next, the prints were painted. Very often, this involved women with children. The price of the lubok depended, of course, on the paper on which it was made. What is the cleavage on the cheapest and gray paper? They were called "prostitutes".

Over time, the technology of production has improved and improved. Began to appear not just engravers, but engraver artists. They began to work on copper plates with the help of a variety of incisors. This helped to add a lot of small details and details to the images.

Production in Russia

In Russia, the first factory was born in Moscow. On it worked a lot of machines, and lubki were produced in huge quantities. The price was different (from half a penny, to twenty-five kopecks).

Thanks to the production of popular prints, new professions have also appeared. For example, "color-makers". These people painted a very large number of luboks in a short time, while they were getting quite good money. Industrialization was not long in coming, and the profession did not last long, as lithographic machines began to appear.

The popularity of lubkov

The first important reason for such universal love is that popular prints carried the functions of books and textbooks that were not available to ordinary people and were very expensive. They not only trained, but also served as some fiction, since they often recounted epics, tales, oral legends.

In addition, the prints served as sources of information, like newspapers or leaflets. On such boards often it was possible to find useful advice on medicine, or just to have fun pictured on them by a joke.

Many popular prints were executed really masterfully and very beautifully. Therefore, they were often used as decor in their homes.

Censorship

Of course, we should not forget that censorship in our country has always been closely linked with creativity and literature. Before making a splint, the image itself was to be checked by the censor. If the image did not pass through it, it always indicated the reason why the manufacturer could correct and try again. Only after full approval (not only the drawing, but also the ready-made lubok) the producer received the necessary document permitting the release of the circulation. And even then, it should not exceed the specified number. The release of bast images was always accompanied by documents that were kept by the publisher. For each new issue of the circulation, new documents were drawn up.

Most often, censors corrected spelling errors. But it also happened that the images did not correspond to the Russian mentality or traditions. Violated the rules of dogma.

In the modern age

With confidence, we can say that the style of lubok has not been forgotten even to this day. Many people know what is splinters. They are used in illustration, design. Many posters and calendars are executed in this style now. There are many master classes on this topic. You can also learn the technique of lubok in art schools and craft workshops.

The traditions of antiquity are never forgotten, including the lexical meaning of the word lubok. Although they are improved to a modern day.