The initial form of the verb: rule, definition and search

Let's talk about the initial form of the verb (it is also often called vague, or infinitive). To know about it is necessary because in the vast construction of human knowledge the initial form of the verb is one of the basic, bearing elements.

What is a verb?

Those who have long graduated from school and managed to forget a lot, it is worth recalling: the verb is the part of speech describing the action. I read, I will go, do, write, draw, dream - all these words are verbs that differ only in their characteristics.

About the verb

In Russian grammar, verbs have 7 attributes: time, form, person, inclination, gender, number, pledge; Often, as a sign, conjugation is also considered. It is not right in every case to talk about a particular feature or just about everyone. In particular, for the past time , the absence of a person is typical, and the present, like the future, makes the discussion of the genus of the verb meaningless.

To study these signs, their differences from each other, and also the possibility of conjugation is meaningless, without establishing the main thing: what is the initial form of the verb. A synonym for this definition is the concept of an indefinite form and the term "infinitive".

The infinitive expresses the verb in the dictionary. This form is not accidentally called initial - it really is a start for further study of the specified parts of speech. Questions of the initial form of the verb - "What to do?" And "What to do?". Examples of the infinitive: lie down and forgive, cut and run, walk away and come back, stop by and consider. Well, now you can talk more about verbs in more detail, having examined their distinctive features.

About face and time

Deal with the face of the verb (their 3) simply by determining who exactly reports the described action. The person reflects the relation of the reporting process to the process. The first singular number is the actions of the communicant: I do, I walk. The same is in the plural - the actions of the group that the communicant represents: we do, we go. Verbs of the second person characterize the actions of the interlocutor reporting or the group that he represents: doing, walking, doing, walking. The third person, regardless of the number, is the actions of outsiders who do not participate in the dialogue: he does, walks, does, walks. To understand which person to include a verb, the corresponding noun or pronoun will help.

The verb tenses characterize the relation to the moment when the described action is performed. There are 3 forms of the verb representing the present, past and future time. Examples of modern verbs: I walk, do. For the past and future time, similar options: went, did, will walk, will do.

Important to remember! The initial form of the verb is impersonal. The concepts of the face, number, and time are also inapplicable to the infinitive.

The genus of the verb and its inclination

Changes in verbs occur not only in numbers, persons or times, but also in genera, like nouns. There are three kinds: feminine, masculine, average - to determine the affiliation of the verb can also be helped by the pronoun or noun used with it. The sign of the verb kind is manifested exclusively in the past tense and is determined at the end: walked, walked, did. The concept of the genus is not applicable to the infinitive of the verb.

An important characteristic of a verb is its inclination, which can be indicative, imperative or conditional. Using the indicative mood, they describe actions that have or have occurred, or are occurring at the present moment, or will occur afterwards. Examples of the indicative mood of the verbs: they walked, walked, would walk, did, do, would do. The conditional mood indicates the actions desired or those that are possible under certain conditions. When forming a conditional mood, the initial form of the verb without ending, the suffix "l", and also the particle "would" are taken as a basis. Examples of conditional inclination: would go, would do. Verbs of imperative mood are a command, an order, an invitation to action. Examples: do it, go, bring it! Often a "-ka" particle is added to such verbs, which softens this order: do it, go!

On the types of the verb

By its kind, verbs can be attributed to perfect and imperfect. Imperfect characters characterize the action without any indication of its end, and the question "What to do?" Will be applied to them as an infinitive. Examples: walking, drawing. In perfect form, these same examples will look different: go, draw, because here the verbs describe the completed action. The question that can be put to their infinitive is "What to do?".

Most verbs are characterized by both types: draw-draw, burn-burn, eat-eat. However, there are verbs without a pair form. To such, in particular, belongs "to belong" - here only an imperfect kind is possible. Or "find yourself" - this word, on the contrary, can only exist in perfect form. There are also two-species verbs (these include "execution") - they combine the values of both types. Often in the case of two-species, the ending of verbs in the initial form looks like "-ir" ("emigrate").

Transitivity and pledge of the verb

Properties such as the transitivity and pledge of the verb indicate its relationship with other objects. The concept of transitivity indicates the presence of an object of action. Examples of transitive verbs: eat (soup), read (journal) - here soup and log are objects of action. The intransitivity of the verb implies the absence of an application object. Examples of an intransitive verb are to work, live (there is no specific object to which this action is attached). A special case of intransitive verbs is recurrent; Here the producing action at the same time is also the one to whom it is directed. In these cases, the initial form of the verb ends in "-ya": bathe, laugh, worry.

The verb pledge considers the relationship between subjects and objects of action. The real pledge characterizes the active construction. For example: a cat ate fish. The cat (subject) made an active action on the object (fish), the pledge of the verb "ate" is valid. The same thought, formulated differently: the fish was eaten by a cat. This construction, unlike the previous one, is passive, and therefore the verb pledge in it is passive.

And again about the infinitive

Knowing the characteristic signs of verbs, it is worth talking about the infinitive in more detail. How to determine the initial form of the verb? Very simple - ask a question. If you can ask about "what to do" or "what to do" with respect to the action being produced, then the form of the verb describing this action is uncertain. Of all the characteristics considered, the infinitive is inherent only in appearance, as well as properties such as transitivity and recurrence.

Formation of the infinitive occurs by adding a formative suffix to the root of the word. The characteristic suffix in the initial form of the verb is "-ti", "-t", "-ch". Examples of the infinitive: climb, carry, bake.

Conjugations of verbs

The conjugation of a verb is called its change depending on persons and numbers: I write, it writes, we write, etc. Every verb can be attributed to the first or second conjugation; To know about this affiliation is necessary in order to get the right spelling for any particular case. Errors in the process of conjugation occur especially often in the case of unstressed verb endings.

For the correct definition of conjugations, it is necessary to know what is the initial form of the verb. The first conjugation represents all the mentioned parts of speech with the ending "-wow" - train, inform. To this same conjugation belongs a number of verbs ending in "-et", "-at", "-yat", and also "lay" and "shave" (the ending "-it"). The second conjugation represents all the verbs with the ending "-it", with the exception of those already mentioned. Individual verbs with the ending "-at" and "-yat" are also referred to here, if they are stressed (lying, standing). The second conjugation also contains a part of the verbs (to look, hate, etc.), which can not be adjusted to any standards - they just need to remember. Knowledge of the rules of conjugation of verbs is a pledge of correct spelling, and simply a requirement of literacy. By the way, the infinitive itself is not conjugated and does not change depending on persons and numbers.

Verbs in the sentence

The roles of these parts of speech in the sentence may be different. Most often the verb acts as an ordinary (simple) predicate: "Tolya bought bread". Often cases of a complex verbal predicate: "Vanya decided to run to the store." The predicate in the present case is an entire construction (decided to run away), with the second verb in it being an infinitive. Sometimes a verb can act as an inconsistent definition: "I did not like the idea of going there" (to go there is an inconsistent definition).

The Russian language is unique in its own way in that it allows for more complex, truly fantastic constructions. "We decided to send to go find a drink" - a sentence of 6 verbs, 5 of which represent an infinitive with a complete meaning and compliance with the rules of grammar. Aliens are crying!

Conclusion

Most scholars-linguists unanimously agreed that the first word pronounced by the ancient man was a verb. It is unlikely that our distant ancestor in those harsh times needed in the lexicon adjectives to describe the beauty of the night sky, and most of the nouns could well replace the pointing gesture in their direction. But the team "Run!", Given to the tribesman, could well save that life, the word "I want" and the corresponding movement towards the carcass of the mammoth also left no doubt as to what was said. With acute necessity, only the verb could easily replace all other parts of speech.

By the way, modern approaches to the study of foreign languages also suggest a primary study of verbs as the main means of expressing human needs. Naturally, for native speakers, a good knowledge of these parts of speech, their attributes and properties is necessary. A special role in the study of verbs is played by the infinitive.