Subjectivity is what? Concept, principle, formation

был сформулирован впервые в древневосточной философии. The principle of subjectivity was formulated for the first time in ancient Eastern philosophy. Almost all thinkers considered the individual as a unique being, the highest value.

The naturalistic approach

" рассматривалось древними через простой и сложный аспекты. The concept of "subjectivity " was considered ancient through simple and complex aspects. The first was the structure of the "clean sheet", the latter - innate behavior. . The naturalistic approach does not deny the development of subjectivity . With a simple model, its formation takes place in the form of records, with a complex model, by means of a conditioned reflex idea.

Middle Ages

In this era, the category in question received an expanded interpretation. такое основание индивида, которое, с одной стороны, обуславливается Творцом, передающим знания и инициирующим разум, с другой – непосредственно его мышление. Medieval thinkers pointed out that subjectivity is the basis of the individual, which, on the one hand, is conditioned by the Creator, who transmits knowledge and initiates the mind, on the other hand, directly his thinking. The meaning of life was represented in the comprehension of the divine. Medieval philosophers paid more attention to the inner world of the individual. As a result, the prerequisites were formulated for detaching man from the natural world and gradually opposing him.

Philosophy of modern times

стала рассматриваться в качественно новом аспекте. With the emergence of civilization to a new level, the subjectivity of the individual began to be viewed in a qualitatively new aspect. God ceased to be considered a direct participant in the formation of the world and the individual. Man, as well as the surrounding space, was considered as the result of a long evolution. At the same time, the key quality of the individual was his rationality. Kant in his works significantly expanded the range of issues related to subjectivity. He recognized, in particular, the existence of an opposition category. The object acts as the object. According to Kant, the subject is a source of a priori ideas, categories and the ability of the mind. The object he called what all these forms can relate to.

Features

Subjectivity as a personal quality was first considered by Hegel. He interpreted it as definiteness, identical with being. даются с разных аспектов. At the same time, in existing definitions, the characteristics of subjectivity are given from different aspects. First of all, in terms of the consistency of quality, this category is unchanged in time. рассматривалась в соотношении со свойством. Secondly, human subjectivity was considered in relation to the property. According to Hegel, the loss of a sign does not change things, but when the quality changes the subject itself changes. The third aspect of understanding is the consideration of subjectness as a system of properties. The fourth - through the relationship with the qualities of other objects.

Existentialism

связывалась с осознанием своего сознания. This direction of philosophy, the key idea of which was the individual's conversion to his own ego. Within the framework of existentialism, human subjectivity was associated with the realization of one's consciousness. As Kierkegaard (one of the adherents of the theory) pointed out, to realize a true nature, an individual must leave society and face God. In this case, he must go through 3 stages of existence:

1. Aesthetic.
2. Ethical.
3. Religious.

From the individual it will depend on whether he will be able to realize his attitude towards subjectivity.

Proceedings of J.-P. Sartre

The author reveals the subjectivity in two aspects. On the one hand, the individual chooses himself. Within the second aspect, a person is not able to go beyond the boundaries of subjectivity. Sartre insists on the last position. Personality always comes up, invents itself, and its values. In life there will be no meaning until the individual lives and does not realize it. From this it follows that man is the center of the world. But he is not inside, but outside himself. He is in constant movement into the future, striving for the unknown. For all that he does, he is responsible. Seeking for his freedom, a person reveals dependence on a stranger, limiting it. Choosing himself, the individual formulates the image as a whole. The arising limitation is fixed in concrete actions, their totality and in life as a whole. It can be said that the existence of a person in the alienated complex of social relations was a key theme in existentialism. The followers of the theory pointed out that the individual is doomed to freedom if he does not want to die spiritually. Man and the world have a future only when the subject finds the strength to live and create.

Personalism

The ideas of this philosophical trend were developed by Shestov, Lossky, Berdyaev. Within the framework of personalism, the idea of the divinity of the personality was advanced, and its irreducibility to natural and social attributes. Society was represented as a set of individuals. According to Berdyaev, a person regards himself primarily as a subject. The mystery of the individual is revealed in its inner existence. In the objectification of man it is closed. The individual learns only what is alienated from his inner existence. It does not belong entirely to the objective world, but has its own space, destiny incommensurable with nature. сугубо индивидуальны. In the works of Lossky central importance is attached to the fact that the manifestations of the subjectivity of the student are especially individual. The carrier of organic unity is a "substantial figure". In this case, according to Lossky, he acts not as a person, but as some of its potency. It expresses the creative, active beginning of the world, which is invested directly in its substance. Personalism considers the individual and the individual. The latter exists within the framework of a complex intertwining of social interactions. He obeys the changes that occur in the world. This is what prevents the expression of one's own self. Personality, in turn, realizing the will, affirms itself. It overcomes social barriers and the finiteness of life.

conclusions

категория, касающаяся разных аспектов жизни. Analyzing different philosophical trends, it can be noted that subjectivity is a category relating to different aspects of life. In its consideration, questions of freedom of the individual, his will, consciousness are investigated. In this case, a person is given a choice of "himself" or one who formulates the world for him. происходит через создание своего сознания. From this it follows that the formation of subjectivity occurs through the creation of one's consciousness.

Postmodern theories

They blur the boundaries between classes, nationalities, social institutions. Within the framework of theories, the world is represented as an abstract society. Individuality stands as a support. Since there is no solid set of values, there is no relation to them. In such circumstances, the importance and individuality is lost. Many researchers believe that the subject under such circumstances is destroyed. To survive, he needs or becomes an opportunist and accept the world as it is, or remain a person even at an emotional level. When studying the category under consideration, American philosophers pay special attention to questions of freedom. элемент конфликта власти и народа. They support the view that subjectivity is an element of conflict between the authorities and the people. The individual struggles for freedom, tries to change or destroy the foundations and create a new set of values. Personality exists in a constant confrontation with a continuously changing world. постоянно преобразуемая категория. Accordingly, subjectivity is a permanently transformed category.

General features

The subject in philosophy is the source of knowledge and changes in reality. He is the carrier of activity, carrying out the transformation in himself and other people. The subject is an integral, goal-oriented, free and developing being, perceiving, among other things, the world around. He is seen in philosophy from two sides. First of all, the assessment is carried out within the confrontation with its object. для описания общего уровня организации социума. On the other hand, the subjectivity of activity is analyzed to describe the general level of organization of the society. In the philosophical definition, it is viewed as a reflexive awareness of oneself as a physiological individual, having a commonality with other representatives of civilization, as a member of the society. Subjectivity is the basis for characterizing an individual. Being born, he does not have any qualities. In the course of its development, a person becomes a subject when he enters the system of social interactions.

Psychological Science

The analysis of subjectivity can be performed based on the historically established logic of studying the category "subject". As an individual or group, he acts as the source of research and transformation of reality. Rubinshtein singled out the concept of the subject as a philosophical category, which designates the immanent source of human activity (according to Hegel). In his works, an appropriate approach to the construction of methodological directions was worked out. In particular, it begins with the analysis of "activity" and ends with the formulation of the problem of its subject. At the same time, Rubinstein opposed the consideration of the interconnection of these categories as a purely external phenomenon. In activity, he saw the conditions for the formation and subsequent development of the subject. The individual not only transforms the object according to his purpose, but also acts in a different quality of its achievement. At the same time, he himself and the object change.

Other approaches

In Leontyev's opinion, it is necessary to talk about a subject who realizes his own relations in the aggregate of activities. He noted that as a key task of psychological research is the analysis of the process of uniting, linking the activity of the individual. As a result of various activities, a person is created. In turn, its analysis requires a special approach. In particular, it is necessary to investigate the subject's activity, mediated by the processes of consciousness, connecting the individual activities with each other. Brushlinsky pointed out that in the course of growing up in the life of the individual, self-knowledge and self-education are all the more important. Accordingly, the internal conditions through which external factors of influence are expressed become priority.

Concepts

In the idea of Rubinshtein, the methodological basis for the study of subjectivity was formulated. It was concretized in his scientific school. In the concept of a person is seen primarily as the author, director, actor in his life. Every individual has his own story. He creates it independently through a change of self. Attention at the same time focuses on actively transforming activity, its subjective properties. A similar position takes Yakimanskaya. It indicates that subjectivity is an acquired, created property. However, it exists due to the existing activity of the individual. At the same time, it crystallizes in the student's potencies.

Research Petrovsky

In his works a new human image is formulated. The individual overcomes the barriers of his own natural and social limitations. The author rejects the established and dominant view of man as an adaptive being endowed with a specific goal and striving towards it. The idea proposed by Petrovsky allowed us to substantially rethink the process of the formation of individual properties and express it in terms of self-activity. The personality was represented in the form of a self-developing system. In the orbit of its activity, it included other people as possessors of their ideal continuity and representation. In the conceptual model of the formation of subjectivity, the scientist combined the moments of active non-adaptivity and its reflection in people. Petrovsky was able to show that the reproduction and generation of oneself forms a single complex of self-valuable activity. In transitions of virtual, returned, reflected subjectness, a person is free, whole. The essence of the generation of himself Petrovsky sees in the existence in this capacity and henceforth, the return to himself with going beyond his own limits.

What is the difference between human subjectivity and subjectivity?

The devaluation of the ideas of the formation of individual qualities during the last decades of the 20th century was stopped by a new interpretation. In science, the "phenomenon of subjectness" has firmly entered. It was presented as a special form of integrity. It included the manifestations of the properties of the individual as a subject of the attitude to the world, object perception, communication and self-awareness. In all cases, when authors use the category in question, they have in mind a certain quality, some potential of the individual to implement certain behavioral acts. Subjectivity, in turn, is seen as a mechanism for its practical implementation. It can not be realized without capacity. Subjectivity can exist without subjectivity. For example, this is the case when the voter puts a tick in front of someone's name at random or the counterparty signs the agreement without reading his terms.