Sentence scheme: an example. Offer scheme with direct speech

Schemes of proposals in the Russian language are necessary to explain the statement of punctuation. They are also indispensable in the analysis of this syntactic unit, especially if it is a complex sentence. Direct speech causes difficulties for almost every schoolboy. If at the stage of studying this topic learn how to draw an appropriate graphic explanation - there will be absolutely no problems in punctuation. Let us examine what the scheme of a sentence is, an example of a simple one, let us consider all types of complex, as well as units with direct speech. This will help to get the deepest insight into the subject.

What does the offer scheme include?

To begin with, we'll figure out what a proposal scheme is and why it's needed. Many people consider this element of syntactic analysis to be only a whim of the teacher, which makes no sense. This is not true. Correctly compiled graphic outline will help in the further analysis of the syntactic unit.

What should be indicated in drawing up the scheme?

1. Predictive basis. The main members must be indicated in order to prove that we have a proposal in front of us (in fact, on this basis it is distinguished from the word combination), a correctly defined subject and predicate will help to attribute the syntactic unit to single-component or two-part.
2. If the sentence is complex, then the unions connecting its parts are indicated. The same objects are noted if they are used for homogeneous terms.
3. Proposal schemes in the Russian language may contain complicating elements. In the next section, we will analyze which ones.

Also worth mentioning is that the graphic display of the sentence is usually enclosed in brackets. Every simple sentence consists in them. The square brackets consist of simple sentences themselves, and they are also part of a compound and uncomplicated one. If we are talking about a complex syntactic structure, then its main part is in square brackets, and the main part is in round brackets.

What complicates the proposal

As mentioned above, the scheme of a simple sentence can include complicating elements. Let us list them, give examples.

1. Homogeneous terms. They are in the circuit in circles. In addition, for homogeneous terms there can be a generalizing word. It is denoted by the letter "o", enclosed in a circle.
2. Separate definitions (participial turnovers): "Plants that require careful care must be given to students for vacations." In this sentence there is a participial turn that stands after the designated word "plants". Accordingly, it should be reflected in the scheme, as well as the member of the proposal to which it refers. [X, | POA |, =]. It can be not only participial turnovers, as well as inconsistent definitions, agreed, solitary and common. And also applications.
3. Separate circumstances (specifying members of the sentence, verbal participles, solitary verbal participles): "Having done the housework, Masha sat down to read her favorite book." In this proposal there is a gypsy part that needs to be introduced into the scheme. [| DO |, - =]. Let's give an example and with a clarifying turn. "In the village house, in a cool cellar, there were delicious grannies pickles." Clarifying circumstance of the place is allocated with commas and is indicated on the diagram. [X, | VO |, = -].
4. Introductory words and addresses. These syntax elements are separated by commas, they also need to be added to the schema. Let us give some examples. "Sergei, bring me a sip of water." The message "Sergey" is displayed like this: [Oh, =]. Also with the opening words: "They, of course, did not listen to their parents." We reflect the opening word "of course" like this: [-, ВВ.СЛ, =].

Simple sentence

The scheme for parsing a simple sentence will be more clearly illustrated by an example. We will compose it and give a complete characterization of the syntactic unit. "We, limping, came to a dilapidated house, hiding among the lush greenery."

To begin with, it is necessary to determine the grammatical basis, on this depends both the characteristic and the scheme of the sentence. An example is a simple two-part sentence with the basis "we are approached". We make a basis in the scheme.

Next, you need to see if the syntactic unit is complicated. By the presence of punctuation, you can safely say - yes. Here there is a solitary single gerundive "limping" and participial turn "hiding among the lush greens." These elements are reflected in the diagram.

[-, | Д |, = X, | ПО. |]. Here is the scheme of the proposal, an example of which we gave at the beginning of the section. However, it should be noted that it is academically made correctly, but some teachers can make their demands. For example, regardless of homogeneity, enter all the secondary members of the sentence. The scheme then expands and becomes cumbersome. Although, sometimes it is necessary at the initial stage of studying the syntax.

Complicated offer

Now let's look at what complex sentences represent in the graphical representation. The only difficulty in drawing up their schemes is to determine the boundaries of simple parts. In addition, it is necessary to know well the difference between compound and compound sentences, because their schemes are radically different. First, we will analyze the first type. Define the distinguishing features of all schemes:

• In the compound sentence, parts are equal, respectively, they are denoted by square brackets.
• The union is not part of simple sentences in the compound compound, therefore it is taken out of brackets.
• The characteristic of each simple part is given.

Let us examine what the scheme of the sentence is. An example is this: "The rain was already coming to an end, and the sun was peeping out in the sky, glowing with soft rays, giving hope for a good day."

To begin with, we prove that we have a complex sentence before us. The first part has a predicative basis "the rain has ended"; The second was "the sun was peeping out." Between the parts there is a connecting union "and", a compilation. In this case, it passes the value of the sequence of events. The first part, though common, is not complicated by anything. The second is complicated by participial and participial turns. They will necessarily be included in the scheme. [- =], and [..., | DD | |, = -, | POT | |]. Let's make an explanation: it was necessary to put the ellipsis at the beginning of the second part, since the verbal participle is located in the middle (before it the circumstance of the place "in the sky").

Complex sentence

The complex sentence has a completely different scheme, its differences are as follows:

1. There is a division into the main part and subordinate, and the latter can be anywhere and even break the main one.
2. The union is part of a simple sentence (entered in parenthesis).
3. The connection between the parts can be different, therefore, in addition to the horizontal scheme, a vertical one is sometimes made up.

Let's take a look at concrete examples: "A few minutes later all the houses, which until recently looked like fairy-tale huts, standing on a green meadow, disappeared."

The main part of the subordinate is distinguished by two aspects: first, the question is asked of the subordinate, and secondly, it does not contain the union. Accordingly, the first simple sentence is exactly this. We enclose it in square brackets. The second sentence is the subordinate clause: in its composition the union (in this case, the union word). Also it is to him that we ask a question from the word of the main part: "huts (what?) Which recently seemed ...". The complementary part is complicated by participial turnover. The scheme will be as follows: [= -], (which = X, | PO |).

Another example: "The dacha where we rested in the summer was located in a picturesque place surrounded by a rich forest."

In this sentence, the difficulty is that the subordinate "breaks" the main thing. In the subordinate part there is a complication - participial turnover. The scheme will be: [-, (where - =), = X, | POA |].

Direct speech at the end of the sentence

What is a sentence scheme with a direct speech? As you know, such a syntactic unit consists of the actual foreign speech and the words of the author. Depending on how these parts are arranged in relation to each other, the circuit will look like. Parentheses are square in each constituent unit - they are equal.

In the sentence: He said: "Let's go face to face" first the author's words come, and then the direct speech. The scheme will look like this: [A]: "[PR]", since this construction conveys a person's direct speech, at the end of the sentence are often interrogative and exclamation marks, which must necessarily be reflected in the diagram.

Examples: The girl turned and asked: "What time is it?". Let us note that the author's words in this case are complicated by a single isolated adverbial participle. [-, | Д |, =]: «[PRP?]».

Yuri shouted loudly: "Come down!". [A]: "[PR]!".

Direct speech in the middle of the sentence

A sentence scheme with a direct speech standing in the middle will be:

She got up and said loudly: "I do not want to participate in this mess!" - After that she left the living room.

[A: ["PR!"] - a].

Let's pay attention, that after direct speech of a word of the author it is necessary to write from a small letter.

Also, if no question mark or exclamation point is required, after a direct speech a comma is placed.

Example: Masha read: "Wipe your feet" - and went into the hallway. [A: "[PR]", - a].

Direct speech at the beginning of the sentence

Direct speech can begin a sentence. In this case the scheme is as follows:

"Listen to quiet music," the composer said and began to play a slow melody.

"[PR]", - [a].

If a direct speech is an exclamation or an incentive sentence - a comma is not needed:

"Can I come in?" Was heard outside the door. "[PR]?" - [a].

"We will try again and again!" - the coach encouraged me. "[PR]!" - [a].

Now you are familiar with the main types of sentences and their schemes.