Destruction is what? Types of destruction and their features

The word "destruction" has Latin roots. Literally this concept means "destruction". Actually, in a broad sense, destruction is a violation of integrity, normal structure or destruction. This definition can be understood and narrowly defined. For example, it can be said that destruction is the direction or component (s) of human behavior and psyche that are destructive and related to subjects or objects. Where and how is this concept used? About this - later in the article.

general information

Initial ideas about the presence of human forces and elements that have a destructive focus on external objects or himself, formed in the oldest mythology, philosophy, religion. These concepts later received some development in various spheres. In the 20th century, there was some actualization of understanding. Many researchers associate this surge with various phenomena in society, psychoanalytic problems, various social cataclysms. These questions were sufficiently closely involved in the various thinkers of the time. Among them, Jung, Freud, Fromm, Gross, Reich and other theorists and practitioners.

Working human activity

What is the destruction of the personality in the career sphere? In the process of work, the transformation of individual characteristics of a person is marked. The profession, on the one hand, contributes to the development and formation of the individual. On the other hand, the work process has a destructive effect on a person in the physical and psychological sense. Thus, it can be noted that the transformation of the personality occurs in directions that are opposite to each other. In the field of career management, the most effective tools are those that contribute to a conscious increase in the first trend while minimizing the latter. Professional destruction is a gradually accumulated negative changes in personality and modes of activity. This phenomenon arises as a result of monotonous work of the same type for a long period. As a result, unwanted labor qualities are formed. They contribute to the development and intensification of psychological crises and stress. That's what destruction in the career sphere is.

Medicine

In some cases, destructive processes can help to eliminate certain undesirable phenomena. In particular, this effect is noted in medicine. What can be useful for destruction? This phenomenon, caused intentionally, is used, for example, in gynecology. In the treatment of certain pathologies, doctors use different methods. One of them is radio-frequency destruction. It is used for diseases such as cysts on the walls of the vagina, condyloma, erosion, dysplasia. Radio wave destruction of the cervix is a painless and quick way to affect the affected areas. This method of treating pathologies can be recommended even to nulliparous women.

Oncology

Many pathologies are accompanied by tissue destruction. To such diseases carry and oncological. One particular case is Ewing's tumor (sarcoma). This is a circular cell bone formation. This tumor has sensitivity to irradiation. In comparison with other malignant neoplasms, this pathology occurs at a fairly young age: between 10 and 20 years. The tumor is accompanied by the defeat of the bones of the limbs, but it can develop in other areas. Neoplasm includes densely located rounded cells. The most characteristic symptoms include swelling and tenderness. Sarcoma is characterized by a tendency to a significant spread and in some cases covers the entire central section of long bones. On the roentgenogram, the affected area does not look as extensive as it really is. With the help of MRI and CT, the boundaries of pathology are determined. The disease is accompanied by lytic destruction of the bone. This change is considered the most characteristic for this pathology. However, in a number of cases "bulbous" multiple layers of bone tissue, formed under the periosteum, are also noted. It should be noted that previously these changes were related to classical clinical signs. The diagnosis should be made on the basis of a biopsy. This is due to the fact that a similar pattern of X-ray examination can be observed against other tumors of bone of a malignant nature. Treatment involves the use of different combinations of radiation, chemotherapeutic and surgical methods. The use of this set of therapeutic measures can eliminate pathology in more than 60% of patients who have a primary local form of Ewing's sarcoma.

Chemical degradation

This phenomenon can be observed under the influence of different agents. In particular, they include water, oxygen, alcohols, acids and others. Physical agents can also act as destroying agents. For example, among the most popular are ionizing radiation, light, heat, mechanical energy. Chemical degradation is a process that does not take place selectively under the condition of physical impact. This is due to the relative closeness of the energy characteristics of all connections.

Polymer degradation

This process is considered the most studied to date. In this case, the selectivity of the phenomenon is noted. The process is accompanied by a breakdown of the carbon-heteroatomic bond. The result of the destruction in this case is the monomer. Significantly greater resistance to chemical agents is observed in the carbon-carbon bond. And in this case, destruction is a process that is possible only under harsh conditions or in the presence of side groups that contribute to a decrease in the strength of bonds of the main chain of the compound.

Classification

In accordance with the characteristics of the decay products, depolymerization and destruction are separated by random law. In the latter case, we mean a process that is the reverse of the polycondensation reaction. In the course of this, fragments are formed, whose dimensions are larger than the monomer unit. In the process of depolymerization, the monomers are sequentially detached from the edge of the chain. In other words, there is a reaction opposite to the addition of the units during polymerization. These types of destruction can occur both simultaneously and separately. In addition to these two, probably the third phenomenon. In this case, we mean destruction by the weak bond present in the center of the macromolecule. In the process of destruction by random coupling, a fairly rapid drop in the molecular weight of the polymer occurs. With depolarization, this effect is much slower. For example, in polymethyl methacrylate having a molecular weight of 44,000, the degree of polymerization of the residual substance remains almost unchanged until the depolymerization is 80%.

Thermal destruction

In principle, splitting of compounds under the influence of heat should not differ from hydrocarbon cracking, the chain mechanism of which is established with absolute certainty. In accordance with the chemical structure of polymers, their resistance to heat, the rate of decomposition, and the characteristics of the products formed in the process are determined. The first stage, however, will always be the formation of free radicals. The increase in the reactionary chain accompanies the breaking of bonds and the lowering of the molecular weight. The breakage can occur through disproportionation or recombination of free radicals. In this case, a change in the fractional composition, the formation of spatial and branched structures, and double bonds at the ends of macromolecules can occur.

Substances affecting the speed of the process

During thermal destruction, as with any chain reaction, the acceleration occurs due to components that can readily decay into free radicals. The slowdown is noted in the presence of compounds that are acceptors. Thus, for example, an increase in the rate of conversion of rubbers is noted under the influence of azo- and diazocomponents. During the heating of polymers at a temperature of 80 to 100 degrees, with the presence of these initiators, only destruction is noted. With an increase in the concentration of the compound in solution, the predominance of intermolecular reactions leading to gel formation and the formation of a spatial structure is noted. In the process of thermal splitting of polymers, together with a decrease in the average molecular weight and structural change, depolymerization (the removal of the monomer) is observed. At a temperature of more than 60 degrees during the block decay of methyl methacrylate in the presence of benzoyl peroxide, the chain terminates mainly through disproportionation. As a result, half of the molecules must have a terminal double bond. In this case, it becomes obvious that a macromolecular discontinuity will require less activation energy than a saturated molecule.