Weather and climate of Belarus. Climate change in Belarus and its causes

Climate Belarus has its own characteristics, which are determined by the geographical location of the country. The climate and weather conditions are of considerable importance, so much attention is paid to this.

Information on the history of observations of climatic changes in Belarus

To be interested in the question of what kind of climate in Belarus, became in the 9-10th centuries. The oldest data on the climatic conditions of Belarus are found in the annals and notes of travelers. In Mogilev, the first meteorological station was opened in 1809, then in Vitebsk (1810), Brest (1834), Gorki (1841), Minsk (1849). However, only after the October Revolution did a deeper study Climate. The year 1930 was significant because at that time different weather services began to function, and methods for forecasting frosts appeared.

The first to describe in detail the climate of Belarus, which is still reliable information, was A. I. Kaigorodov. At the moment, there was complete information about the climatic conditions of large cities, agroclimatic zoning of the country was conducted. From now on, automatic meteorological stations and satellites are used for weather forecasts, mapping. This information is very important for scheduling work in agriculture.

The main characteristic of the climate of Belarus

The climate of Belarus is moderately continental with Atlantic cyclones. As for the winter, it is moderately cold, characterized by prolonged thaws. If you look at summer, you can say that it is moderately warm. The amount of precipitation per year on average ranges from 550 mm in the south to 750 mm at elevations.

The climate of the Republic of Belarus and its peculiarities are due to the geographical position of Belarus in the temperate zone, where the flat relief prevails, there are no orographic obstacles, and also a great distance from the Atlantic Ocean.

The angle of incidence of the sun's rays and the duration of the day and sunshine are determined by the latitudinal location of the territory of the republic in the 56 ° and 51 ° north latitude zone. The amount of penetrating solar radiation also depends on this. For a year the amount of solar radiation varies from 3,400 to 4,050 MJ / m ² .

The change of air masses over the country depends on the circulation of the atmosphere. The frequent appearance of moist air masses results in the prevalence of western transport in the lower layers of the atmosphere. In the eastern regions, the influence of the ocean decreases, and the continentality of the climate intensifies.

Because of the dominance of the western transfer, western cyclones are taking place, which bring moist air. There are thaws, precipitation and slight warming in the cold season, and in the summer the weather becomes cool, rains come. Cyclones from the northwest appear much less often.

The thermal regime is characterized by positive air temperatures on average for the year, which rise to the south and south-west. The average temperature in the north is 4.4 ° C, in the south-west 7.4 ° C. In January in the south-west, the temperature averages -4.1 ° C, and in the north-east -8.4 ° C. July average temperature has a value of +17 ° C to +19.7 ° C.

The Republic of Belarus is in the area of sufficient moisture. The average annual precipitation is due to the relief of the territory and has an indicator of 500-600 mm in the lowlands, and on the elevations 550-700 mm. In the period from April to October, 70% of precipitation falls. In general, 70-80% of precipitation comes in the form of rain, 9-16% - in the form of snow, the remaining amount - in the form of mixed precipitation. At the end of February and early March, the highest snow cover is observed, which is 15-40 cm. The high humidity is caused by a considerable amount of precipitation and the fact that the air temperature is low. Relative air humidity is more than 80%. May is characterized by a minimum relative humidity. Due to high humidity, cloudiness, fog formation is observed. 85% of the time in the autumn-winter period cloudy, cloudy weather predominates.

The general circulation of the atmosphere affects the wind regime. Western transfer prevails. In winter, winds blow mainly from the south-west. Winds blow from the northwest in the summer. The average wind speed for the year is about 4 m / s in open areas, in the basins - about 3 m / s. Sometimes there are storms and tornadoes.

Negative Climate Factors of the Republic of Belarus

The climate of Belarus has some negative factors. These include weather instability in spring and autumn, mild winters with thaws, rainy summers, insufficient moisture at the beginning of summer, and frost. Various natural phenomena, such as tornadoes, dust storms, halos, directly depend on the peculiarities of the atmospheric processes taking place.

Weather and climate in Belarus in different seasons

What is the climate in Belarus during each season? The location of the territory of Belarus in temperate latitudes has led to a change in the seasons of the year. The duration of each season of the year is 3 months. But it should be noted that the beginning of the phenological pore in the republic usually does not correspond to the dates of the calendar. When comparing the north-eastern and south-western regions of the country, the most significant differences are observed in these indicators.

Climatic conditions in the spring

The phenological spring in Belarus begins in the first decade in the south-west. In the northeast begins at the end of March with the transition t ^{o of} air through zero degrees upward. The spring season ends at the end of April, beginning of May, when the temperature passes through +10 degrees Celsius upwards.

The weather is characterized by instability, frequent changes in warm and cold air masses occur. The amount of precipitation increases, the snow cover and ice on the rivers melts, evaporation occurs, birds fly in, the vegetation process of plants starts, and agricultural work also begins. In the spring, the number of sunny days increases. Air and earth are gradually warming up.

Summer and its climatic features

Phenological summer begins in early May in the south and in the middle of May in the north. The average daily temperature during the transition period is +12 ^о С with the increase in the indicator at the beginning of summer and, accordingly, the temperature gradually decreases at its end. The average temperature in July, in the warmest month of the season, is +17 ... +20 ^о С. In general, the summer in Belarus is warm, in some places there is heat. Precipitation in summer falls in the form of rains, often prolonged. A high temperature with a sufficiently low humidity, as well as storms and strong winds, refer to unfavorable weather phenomena in the summer season.

Summer ends at the end of the second, beginning of the third decade of September in the north and east, at the end of the third decade of September and beginning of the first decade of October in the south and south-west.

Characteristics of autumn

The beginning of autumn is the date when the average daily air temperature passes through 10 ° C. The number of sunny days decreases by October. The appearance of a snow cover indicates the end of autumn. There is a decrease in air and soil temperature, rain is falling, wind is increasing, but the total amount of precipitation is decreasing.

In the beginning of autumn, after a considerable cooling, there comes a sharp warming, which is called "Indian summer". The weather becomes dry and clear. During this period, secondary bloom of some plants may occur.

Weather conditions in winter

What is the climate in the Republic of Belarus in the winter? This is the coldest season of the year. Lowering the temperature below 0 ^о С is taken as the beginning of winter. At the end of winter, the temperature gradually exceeds this figure.

Winter is characterized by cold air masses, prolonged drizzling rain, which are replaced by snow, unstable snow cover, ice, snowstorms. The weather in this season is mostly overcast, fogs, frost, frost, fog and frost periods often occur.

Climate change in Belarus

Climate change in Belarus and its causes are a topic that has been studied very seriously recently. There are many reasons why the weather is changing. The peculiarities of the climate of Belarus during this period include changes in the parameters of the earth's orbit, the greenhouse effect, anthropogenic causes, which represent different types of human activities that entail changes in the environment. The process of global warming is growing more and more. It's impossible to stop it. It affects agriculture, flora, fauna and human health itself. This is the climate of Belarus.

Over the past 100 years there have been 3 periods of warming in the country, after which there was a sharp cold snap. The first warming was at the end of the 20th - the beginning of the 21st century. The next, the greatest warming, was observed in the 30's. The third warming was noted in the 50-60's. The air temperature during the second warming period exceeded the average over the last decade by 0.4-0.6 ° C. The first third of the 20th century was characterized by the greatest amount of precipitation. Analyzing all the temperature data for the country, it can be noted that the temperature has increased by almost 1 degree. Special changes are visible in the winter season. The climate has become softer, less continental. Winter has on average become warmer by 5-6 degrees, compared with 60 years. The amount of precipitation at a very low temperature in the beginning of winter exceeds the norm.