What is the crime situation? Situations of criminal nature

We all hear about the crime situation in the news, we read in the newspapers, but sometimes we do not fully understand what it is. Let's understand this concept, consider the existing species, as well as ways of how to protect yourself when you get into it.

What is the crime situation?

It is understood as an event or a condition that caused a person's determination to commit a criminal act. In other words, this is a whole complex of circumstances in which a person is before a crime is committed. These circumstances affect his consciousness, will, feelings and in accordance with the moral qualities of the person, determine his desire and determination to commit a criminal act (willful or careless) act. Thus, the criminogenic situation takes a very significant position in the complex of reasons for the commission of a specific crime. But at the same time, it is, as it were, in an intermediate position between the person of the criminal, his surroundings and the criminal act.

Classification of criminogenic situations by source

Depending on the source of origin, there are three types of criminogenic situations:

• Those that the criminal himself deliberately creates, for example, deliberately delaying the execution of any documents, certificates (bureaucracy) for the purpose of extorting and receiving bribes;
• Criminogenic-dangerous situations created by him, but unintentionally (for example, the use of alcoholic beverages, which entailed the creation of an emergency on the road);
• Situations that arise as a result of immoral and offensive behavior of other persons, for example, excess of defense measures, when a person was forced to stand up for the protection of his interests or his relatives;
• Situations created by the victim of a crime, they can be attributed to provocative behavior, appearance (in more detail these issues are involved in victimology or the science of "victims");
• Criminogenic situations, which occur as a result of any natural phenomena, so, various kinds of cataclysms (flood, earthquake, etc.) create wide scope for marauders;
• Situations that occurred due to a random coincidence of circumstances.

Perhaps the existence of mixed situations: for example, a driver in a state of strong alcoholic or narcotic intoxication gets into an accident on a problematic, unrepaired section of the road, in bad weather conditions (downpour, snowstorm, fog, etc.). In addition to natural, there is a significant human factor.

Victimological aspects

The concept of crime is inextricably linked to its victims. Without thorough examination of the victim's personality, prevention can not go beyond traditional approaches. It is necessary to examine in detail the identity of the victims and all the circumstances, by virtue of which they became such. Very often criminogenic situation is created as a result of the actions of the victim. Victimology poses certain tasks:

• The study of the victim's personality and behavior;
• Legal education of citizens: even with some basic knowledge, the majority of victims do not fully or in general, how to apply them in practice;
• Theoretical and cognitive: unfortunately, it is worth acknowledging that the development of this industry is only at the initial stage, while in the US and some European countries it is given sufficient attention and more in-depth study.

Victimological prevention of crimes is also important. In fact, it is a special activity of social institutions, which is aimed at identifying and eliminating factors and circumstances that contributed to victim behavior. The work is carried out on three levels: general social, special and individual. Victimological prevention is a fairly broad concept. Crime should be countered by all possible preventive measures.

Long-term criminogenic situations

Under them it is customary to understand such circumstances (situation) that arise long before the moment of committing a crime. They last a certain time period, affecting the personality psychologically, often overwhelmingly and depressingly. We can say that they "prepare" a person for the commission of a crime. Examples of criminogenic situations of this nature are quite common: long family conflicts, being in an unfavorable social environment (especially affects teenagers and children), etc.

Short-term criminological situations

Their second name is one-off. They arise quickly and in time very often merge with a crime, for example, a quarrel in a restaurant, a nightclub, even elementary in line at the store. For a small period of time, a conflict situation develops , which ends in different ways: fighting, causing bodily injuries, insults, etc.

Sometimes it happens that a combination of these two types occurs, for example, during a long family conflict between husband and wife, when the spouse systematically uses alcohol or drugs, it beats, insults and humiliates human dignity. But the crime is the result, as they say in the people, of the "last drop", of some concrete action, short-term and at a certain moment.

General criminogenic situations

This classification is based on the degree of prevalence, according to her, two types of criminogenic situations are distinguished.

General, that is, extending to a relatively large territory, for example, the deficit of any goods or services in a particular region or in the whole country generates contraband crime in Russia.

Local criminogenic situations

They arise on a certain, limited territory, for example, an apartment conflict or on the basis of professional relations in a team in a particular organization, quarrel, loss of property, etc.

Classification by content

• Problematic - they consist in the fact that the individual is forced to look for a way and possible means of getting out of the current situation or life circumstances in order to achieve the set goal: for example, when it is necessary to pay a monetary debt (the life of one's own or his relatives is under threat), and this pushes a person to commit Theft.
• Conflict - arise when the interests of the guilty person and other persons or state bodies and public are colliding: for example, juvenile delinquency, which often results from their conflict with parents, teachers, other older persons.
• Extreme, that is, unusual situations that are exceptional for a given person, which have a strong impact on him: for example, crimes committed in a state of affect, that is, a strong mental shock.

Classification by nature of impact

Depending on what kind of action is on the person, the following criminal situations are distinguished:

• Provocative (seducing), they have an incentive effect and push a person to a crime: for example, an unattended bag or car with a key in the ignition lock, the behavior of the victim himself;
• Accompanying;
• Discharging - they cause a relaxation of psychological tension, which was caused by some other circumstances;
• Hindering.

Signs of the crime situation

Any criminogenic situation in its essence is objective, it includes features of the object and object of encroachment, temporary and geographical, climatic and other conditions. As its elements may be circumstances that favor the commission of a crime, for example, inadequate property protection, emergency sections of the road that impede normal traffic, provoking the behavior of the victim (active or involuntary), etc.

At the same time, the criminogenic situation has a subjective character, that is, it is perceived as such by a specific person. At the same time, this character of perception depends on its moral and psychological qualities, which cause negative or positive behavior under the prevailing conditions. However, it should be borne in mind that even the most unfavorable situation does not always lead to the commission of a crime. The decisive role belongs to the human factor (the system of views, inclinations, aspirations).

Criminogenic situations should be identified in a timely manner and be eliminated with the help of special measures - this is an important point in the prevention of the commission of crimes.

Often there is a unification of the concepts of "criminogenic situation" and "situation". Under the first term, from a legal point of view, a certain set of factors that contribute to a stable preservation of the level of crime or its growth (of particular genera or species) in a particular territory (republic, city or a separate region) should be implied. And this essentially distinguishes it from the concept of a crime situation. If the former preserves or aggravates the already existing negative situation in the field of crime, the second term describes the circumstances that may entail the commission of an act punishable by criminal law, but not always.

In Russia, and especially in some regions, the criminogenic situation remains difficult.

Correlation of concepts criminal and criminal situation

This issue is narrowly considered in the legal literature. But most likely, the criminal situation should be understood as a possible variant of the development of crime. But not everyone, but only one where the subject who has a criminal purpose or antisocial attitudes, begins to act. Some scientists note that the knowledge of the (criminal) crime is realized through the use of forensic characteristics, as an ideal representation of criminal acts of a certain category (for example, juvenile delinquency) and their consequences. Of undoubted interest are classification issues, as this will allow the creation of private investigation techniques based on various characteristics.

Stages of criminal situation

In all, three of them stand out. Let's consider each in more detail.

1. Precriminal situation - this is a special system of circumstances and conditions, time and place, the nature of the relationship of the offender and his victim, which determine the way the crime is committed. Most often they are formed during the period of the preparatory actions: careful drawing up and elaboration of the plan, choice of tools, places. Such actions will be the essence of the pre-criminal situation only if they are not described in the dispositions of the relevant article.

2. The actual criminal situation. It is an established system of conditions and circumstances through which an illegal design is implemented. It appears directly at the moment when the actions of the criminal begin.

3. Postcriminal situation. Includes events that occur after the commission of a criminal act. This includes the concealment or destruction of tracks and other ways of avoiding criminal liability.

Criminogenic situations and personal security

From getting into unfavorable conditions, no one is insured. The most important thing is to remain calm and sober mind. The basic rule of safety when it comes to criminogenic situations (on the street, in public places , etc.) can be expressed in three words: to anticipate, to avoid and to act.

The main condition for safety is avoiding direct contact with the perpetrator. Therefore, it is important to remember some key points and nuances. Criminogenic situations occur most often in the dark, in low-lying places, entrances, elevators. So try not to be alone on the street at night. Stay calm and confident, do not show signs of victim (depression, fatigue, fatigue, physical disabilities) and try not to attract attention to yourself with large bags and expensive jewelry. When choosing a route, choose one that is safer, not shorter.

Crime in Russia is quite high, due primarily to the standard of living and economic indicators. As the stable expression says: forewarned - means armed. If the area in which you live or is often at work, has a criminal record, do not neglect the rules of personal safety.