What is a grammatical term? Grammar Terminology

This article describes the basic concepts that English grammar operates on. The terms are given with a priority original designation. First of all, these are the members of the sentences and the general structure described with respect to the standard word order. In addition, it should be borne in mind that the 'irrealis moods', such as interrogative moods, requests and commands ('Imperative mood'), conditional sentences, often change the structure of the sentence . With inversion, the predicate (or part of the predicate) becomes the subject's forward. Also, some minor members can come out on top to assume a re-mathematical role. This does not apply to definitions, since they do not depend on any members of the sentence, but directly on nouns.

Clause, simple and composite (grammatical basis, simple and complex sentence)

The modern syntax of English is not equivalent to Russian, although it has common points. What is indicated in the traditional system by similar concepts, in a practical situation, can behave differently. Thus, we briefly denote the grammatical terms of the English language without a rigid binding to the Russian classification system.

'Sentence' is a sentence, a set of words containing a relatively complete idea.

'Rhema' is a rhema, an accented part designed to express unique or fundamentally important information, because of what the message was announced (or written).

'Theme' is a passive part serving as a frame for the rema and containing well-known or not affecting the essence of the happening details.

'Clause' - part of the sentence containing the verb, is usually translated as a grammatical basis.

'Composite sentence' is a complex sentence containing several 'clauses' (hierarchical bases) divided into:

• Sentences with equivalent parts - 'Compound sentences' (compound);
• Sentences with dependent and subordinate parts - 'Complex sentences' (complex sentences).

In addition, depending on the presence of secondary members, there is a grammatical term such as 'non-extended sentence' and 'extended sentence'.

Members of non-extended sentences

'Non-extended sentence', contains only the main terms of the sentence: subject and / or predicate.

'Predicate' is the predicate, the grammatical term for the verb itself, with all its auxiliary units - 'simple predicate' (simple), for the multi-component predicate - 'complex predicate' (complex).

'Verbal predicate' is a compound predicate consisting of several verbs.

'Predicative expression' is the nominal part of a nominal predicate, usually expressed by a noun or pronoun.

'Subject' - subject - the grammatical term used to denote the main argument ('argument') of the predicate, can be expressed in almost any part of the speech or phrase. In this role can act even 'clause'. Theoretically in English, it should be present in the sentence at least in the form of a formal 'It', but in practice it is often omitted.

Members of extended sentences

'Extended sentence' is a distributed sentence that contains, in addition to the subject and / or predicate, additional secondary members such as, for example, addition, circumstance and definition.

'Object' is an addition. A direct object ('direct object') refers directly to the verb and says over who / what or by what action is performed.

'Adverbial' ('adjunct') - circumstance. In a broader sense, it characterizes the details of the situation described events, such as time, place, reason, prior moments, conditions of probability and consequences.

'Attribute' is a definition that finds its position in the text regardless of the general structure, that is, its place is dictated by the main word, and not by the order standards of the terms in the sentence.

'Wh-words' are question words or words used to write special questions and similar constructions.

Modal words and Wh-words

'Modal words' - modal (introductory) words (not to be confused with modal verbs).

'Wh-words' and 'Modal words' are usually considered separately, not defining as members of the sentence.

Below is a brief description of the grammar in the tables. One part (upper) combines the members of the sentence, the other part (the lower one) - parts of speech.

Parts of speach

The grammar of the word implies a set of rules for the operations of morpheme formation and consideration of the criteria by which words are defined in one class or another. Parts of speach - the categories of words that express a certain range of concepts. For example, adjectives denote a sign of objects and phenomena, and pronouns are meant for indirect designation of other parts of speech. Separate the open ('open') and closed ('closed') groups of parts of speech.

Open groups (open groups)

'Open groups' is a grammatical term for constantly replenishing groups. New words appear by adding prefixes and suffixes, by adding roots, forming from other parts of speech, borrowing from other languages, the emergence of new terms and names, and also as a consequence of linguistic evolution from already existing obsolescent words.

'Nouns' - nouns, express an object or phenomenon and differ in the degree of independence from the general to the names of their own, except that the use of articles and the rules of compatibility does not affect their syntax.

'Verbs' are verbs. Turning to the verb as a key component of the predicate, one can distinguish the grammatical term 'main verb' (the verb), the remaining verbs are official and refer more to the closed group: 'modal verb' (a meaningless verb with a transitive meaning) and 'auxuliary verb' ( Auxiliary verb), used for the formation of temporary-aspect, collateral and subordinate constructions, and as a kind of 'auxiliary verbs' - 'link verb' (verb-bunch), used to provide the verbality of a nominal (nominal) predicate. In the case where 'link verb' is the only verb in a grammatical basis, it is considered to be the main, 'main verb'.

Forms of verbs:

- 'basic form', the basic form (or 'infinitive without' to '', 'bare infinitive'), or simply the verb form in an indefinite present tense;

- 'infinitive' (infinitive);

- '-s'-form, which is used in the present indefinite time in the third person of the singular;

- Past Indefinite Active - the kind that the verb takes in the past indefinite time (correct verbs form it, getting the ending 'ed', and the wrong ones can be seen in the second column of the table of irregular verbs);

- 'participle I' or 'present participle' - present participle, having the form of a verb with the addition of the ending 'ing';

- 'participle II' or 'past participle' - the past participle that looks for regular verbs as adding the end of 'ed', and for wrong ones as the third column of the table of irregular verbs;

- 'gerund' is a gerund that combines the properties of a noun and action.

'Adjectives' - adjectives, express the sign of a noun, can be part of the subject and the predicate or definition.

'Adverbs' are adverbs, they more often disclose the details of the commission of an action, but they can relate to the sentence as a whole, often form the core of the circumstance.

Closed groups (private groups)

'Closed groups' - groups of parts of speech, the number of units in which, as a rule, always remains unchanged. As rare exceptions, new morphemes are formed as in open groups due to the modernization of already existing words, when the grammar of the language is updated and modernized.

'Pronouns' is a pronoun.

'Prepositions' are prepositions.

'Conjunctives' are alliances.

'Determiners' are indicative words. Separate into 'particles' - particles, and 'articles' - articles.

'Interjections' is an interjection.