The concept and types of integration in education. Integration in education is ...

One can often hear that there is such a problem as integration in education. What is that? How does it affect our lives? What in the long term can it bring to us?

general information

Integration in education is not a fashion, but a necessity for training quality specialists for any sphere of human activity. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky also said that the growth of the quantity and quality of knowledge will help to blur the boundaries between the various areas of science. And people in the future will specialize in specific problems. The technology of integration in education provides for the integration of separate parts of science into a holistic complex. And this is not just a mechanical mix of different knowledge, but the application of an approach in which they are interrelated, and when solving certain problems a person can act systematically. The concept of integration in education is rather vague. This is due to the diversity of species. Thus, integration can be classified according to directions, methods, methods, levels and methods.

Why it is necessary

Let's concentrate on the result of such a policy. Integration in education is a mechanism that is aimed at developing creative thinking in people. It is aimed at speeding up the intensification, systematizing educational and cognitive activities and mastering the literacy of culture. Social integration in education is aimed not only at uniting different directions of science and showing points of contact, but also for giving an idea to people that the world around us is integral. This is also promoted by the fact that this approach is also applied to various disciplines. Thus, students are trained to see the whole environment as a whole. If we deviate from this direction of development, then integration becomes a superficial statement of the existence of intersubject connections.

What are the advantages?

Here an important role is played by types of integration in education. So, if we consider the structure as an example, then it should be noted that such an arrangement can only be horizontal. That is, initially the similar material of several subjects is combined. Then it is passed on to the teacher, who also provides the information. At the same time, care must be taken to ensure that the available data are provided in different conditions. This will allow us to judge the effectiveness of the structure used. The second most important effect after obtaining a full understanding of the modern world is the acceleration of the learning process. This gives a significant gain in time.

Structure

We can distinguish several stages of integration, which are horizontally combined into larger bases. Different authors can find small differences, but we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the following method of division:

1. Thematic integration. In this case, two or three academic subjects are engaged in the fact that they disclose one topic. You can find an alternative description, which claims that this is an illustrative-descriptive level. But it is necessary to understand that these are simply synonymous terms.
2. Problem integration. In this case, it is understood that different subjects are engaged in one problem.
3. Conceptual integration. In this case it is understood that the examination is conducted by several subjects using all their methods and means.
4. Theoretical integration. In this case, interpenetration of different theories is considered.
5. Dialectical integration. In this case, we understand the use of principles and concepts that relate to different areas of knowledge. As an alternative, one can meet the interpretation of the provision of the world as an integral picture.

Diversity

In practice, everything is not as easy as in theory. There are different sciences, in which different subjects, they look at the world from distinct positions and apply a variety of means. Therefore, integration in education is not an easy task. All this should be done by experienced people. A good specialist should also provide knowledge to students. And then there is the main problem of integration in education - the lack of necessary staff. It is not necessary to say that young generations of teachers do not always have a sufficiently high level of education. A person who carries out the integration of various subjects must take into account existing contradictions. So far, integration in vocational education can not boast of anything significant. But still some examples can be given.

How can you connect information technology and art? The lessons of computer graphics will help! There is also a similar integration in special education. The task of the teacher in this case is to teach people to think in their own categories so that they are able to compare specific phenomena and generalized conclusions. A considerable role in this is played by the ability to look at something at an unusual angle. Will you agree that the example with computer graphics was a surprise?

Result

Let's imagine that we are integrating in school education. Here we can aim at this result:

1. Knowledge must be systematic.
2. Development of cognitive interests.
3. Formation of persuasion and development of personality.
4. Ability to summarize available information.

Different approaches

There are several visions, as everything should be. We will consider several options for organizing integration in education. And attention will be paid to both domestic and foreign developments. It should be noted that visions developed dynamically and assumed different forms and content. Therefore, they are quite different from each other. Integration in this case is understood as the unity of goals, content and principles. The end result of these changes is to form people with new holistic systems of skills and knowledge. The question of integration in education, by the way, was first raised at a time when separate disciplines were beginning to separate from philosophy. Due to differentiation, a problem of unification for the acquisition of knowledge arose. After all, when you divide into separate disciplines, the natural connection between phenomena and objects is violated. This is what integration in education decides.

First try

For the first time to substantiate the need for integration, I.F. Herbart. They were allocated four levels in training:

1. Clarity.
2. Association.
3. System.
4. Method.

The first two levels are aimed at getting knowledge. While the rest should establish a link between them and open the way for new information. It is necessary that a person can establish the interdependence of knowledge and, on the basis of existing experience, obtain new data.

Domestic developments

You can not ignore Ya.A. Comenius, public figure and philosopher-humanist, who was among the first people who decided to build a system on the basis of objective laws in matters of education and upbringing. They were offered enrichment of a person's consciousness and his acquaintance with phenomena and objects in such a way that he could sensually perceive the world. This is all worked out in the theory of evolution Comenius. She defends the position, according to which, jumps are not peculiar to man, and he develops gradually. According to Comenius, promising education is that in which the mutual ties of everything in the world are indicated.

You can also bring and developments of KD. Ushinsky. It is necessary to note the role of this man in the psychological and pedagogical justification of the didactic significance of the connections between the phenomena and objects studied. He contributed to a significant transformation of the organization in matters of education and training of people. You can get acquainted with its achievements by reading the book "Man as an Object of Education". In it, the existence of intersubject ties is considered as part of a single problem of the entire training system. It deals with the features of bringing knowledge into the worldview system as they accumulate, the connection between concepts, actions and their result, as well as recommendations for expanding and deepening the student's knowledge. All this is aimed at ultimately forming a worldview system.

Implementation in practice

Something similar to the first was applied in the UK in the early 20th century. Then special cooperative courses were created, the task of which was to integrate professional knowledge and practical activity. The first experience in the territory of Russia was obtained in the 1920s. In domestic pedagogy, much attention was paid to such scientists as N.V. Bunakov, V.Ya. Stoyunin, B.G. Ananiev, V.I. Water carriers and many others. It is at this point in time that the formation of the pedagogy of the Soviet Union falls. The foundations of the school were laid: the comprehension of the system and the logic of the subject together with the connections. Knowledge should be used mutually, it is necessary to eliminate duplicate material, to form an integral system of views - all this was laid at that time. Progressive views of teachers were reflected in a new approach to the construction of curricula and plans. Its important component was the establishment of interrelations between life and school. Due to the wide scope, this method of action was given the name of an integrated approach. It should also be noted the importance for pedagogy and the 30s and 50s of the last century. But this is already beyond the scope of the article, so we will not consider it.

The modern stage

Now, as you know, they like reforming education very much, therefore it is impossible to say that it is the same as in the Soviet period. Although the issue of integration is still given quite a lot of attention. True, this applies only to secondary and higher educational institutions. Thus, according to accepted standards, a common, professional and polytechnical education is achieved. Integration approaches allow to link the professional and personal aspirations of students to help them in the formation and training of specialists. Summarizing all of the above, it can be noted that although the current state of affairs is not ideal, it still allows us to provide training for people who are ready to live and work in society and for its benefit. The most important is the creation of an integral system of knowledge and views on the world, so that a person can determine his own interests, achieve their implementation and at the same time work for the benefit of society. In this, and plays an important role of integration in education.