Rules of consoles "demon" and "without". The spelling of consoles "without" and "demon"

The spelling of the prefixes without- (demon-), from- (is-), raz- (ra-), lower- (nis-), vz- (vs-), ex- (through-), through- Will be discussed in this article. It is generally accepted that with the letters "c" and "h" we have different versions of writing the same morphemes. In fact, for example, "is" and "of" have the same meaning: movement outward. Therefore, the prefix is one, these are only two of its variants.

The general rule when writing "z" and "c" in consoles

When writing "z" and "c" in them the general rule is the following: "z" is written at the end of the morpheme of interest, if the next prefix or root begins with a consonant or a vowel; And "c" - in front of a deaf consonant. This formula is easiest to learn as follows: ringing with a bell, deaf with a deaf person. Although in this formulation, from the scientific point of view, the terms are somewhat incorrectly used, it is easy to remember, and in practice it is convenient to apply. This principle should, in particular, spelling the consoles "without" and "demon". The rule extends to all the morphemes listed at the beginning of the article.

Let us recall which consonants are deaf and which ones are voiced

Pronunciation is caused by the variability of consonants in these prefixes. [C] is pronounced in front of deaf consonants, and is written "c", and [s] - before voiced, and also vowels, and "z" is written. At the end of the console, the sound is either voiced or deafened by the influence of neighboring vowels or consonants.

It is impossible to use these prefix rules (without and without), if you do not know which letters are voiced consonants and which ones are deaf. Many believe, for example, that "q" stands for a sonorous sound. And this is not accidental. He, indeed, sounds a little more sonorous than other deaf consonants, but remains deaf. Voiced consonants are "p", "n", "m", "l", "d", "h", "g", "d", "d", "c", "b". Deaf - "ni", "h", "c", "x", "c", "w", "t", "to", f "," n ".

Examples of using the general rule

Examples can be given the following. "Cloudless" is written with "z", since this letter is in front of the vowel. "Useless" - with "c", since she is in position in front of the deaf. "Ruthless" - "h" is written, because it is before ringing. "Unpack" - "c" before the deaf. "Scratch" is the same. "Hand out" - "h" in the position before ringing. "Falling Down" is the same.

Remember the following words, in the writing of which mistakes are often made: scratched, tasteless, ruthless, lifeless, world perception, worldview, surreptitiously, beneath, under the eye, disappear, too much.

Why and when did this rule arise?

This rule comes from the phonetic principle of writing. The phonetic principle requires writing in accordance with pronunciation. Of course, he is a subordinate justifying the spelling of certain words and forms, established spontaneously, arbitrarily, in the absence of general rules.

For the first time the rules for writing attachments "demon" and "without", "races" and "times", etc. were formulated in 1755 in the "Russian grammar" by Mikhail Lomonosov.

However, in his work, Mikhail Vasilievich wrote "it seems to me," that is, left freedom of choice for native speakers. And he himself did not always follow this principle. Therefore, almost until the end of the 19th century, the rule had a recommendatory character. Prefixes people wrote without any rules, "arbitrariness", as heard. Over time, a tradition developed in cases of stunning writing "c", and in cases of voicing - "z".

Using consoles with "z" and "s" in the 19th century

In the development of the first spelling rules, the philologists of the 19th century introduced the following restriction: "Prefixes are always written through" z ":" overband "," immeasurable "," unpaired. "The rest (ra-, out-, out- and other ) "H" is preserved before "c", as well as voiced consonants, and in front of the deaf one should write "c": "rasskaz", "get rid of," take back, "" exclaim, "" proceed. " As you can see, it became much harder to remember in which cases and prefixes you should use "z". It was necessary to write differently than heard. The rule in this version did not last long. The reform of the Russian language that took place in 1918 greatly simplified it.

Reform of Lunacharsky

For almost a hundred years, disputes over the writing of the prefix without- (demons) have not stopped since Lunacharsky introduced the prefix "demon" in 1921 into Russian. It was customary to write it according to the phonetic principle (ringing with a bell, but deaf with a deaf). Only one option (without) existed before this reform. The rest of the prefixes that ended in "c" and "z", in most cases by that time it was already customary to write as we are used to today.

The controversy was caused by the fact that the prefix was incompatible with the noun "demon". Opponents of this reform believe that with its introduction, demons were introduced into the Russian language, which by all means will ruin Orthodoxy and the entire Russian people. Therefore, it is necessary to change the spelling of consoles "without" and "demon". The rule, however, has been around for almost a century.

During the same reform, another set-up has also been changed-through the (inter). There was only one version of it before the reform of Lunacharsky (his photo is presented below), and the word "too" people of that time wrote as "over-cunning".

The story of consoles use without- (no-)

For the Russian consciousness it was at first unusual that two variants have a prefix without and without. The rule is assimilated yet quite quickly. The reason was that in Russia, which was by the time the reform was introduced "uneducated," the spelling norms were not familiar to the majority of the country's population. People did not have to do anything after that, just accept them and study the rules of consoles without and without, through and through, etc. However, in the years that followed, many believed that this modernization was introduced specifically to extol and glorify the unclean Force, that is, a demon. But the wise old people said that you can not call his name out loud, otherwise he will come to you. The people strictly observed this wisdom. She was at the conscious level a habit of conversation, the norm of speech.

Against the no-

Perhaps the most insidious prefix is a prefix without and without the Russian language. The rule assumes its double use, which significantly changes the meaning of some words. They really seem to start praising the unclean, if we consider the following one- root words as two- root words : "heartless", "disinterested", "wordless," "unscrupulous," "ignorant," "useless."

Some representatives of the old generation still use the prefix wordlessly carefully. In the village today grandmothers continue to tell their grandchildren: "Do not call him to yourself, do not call trouble on your head."

Some believe that the influence of these words has compromised the moral principles, the spiritual foundations, bequeathed by the ancestors. Words with a prefix are unknowingly negative in the soul, assimilated and fixed in the vocabulary. Even when the original meaning is not realized, they still impart their impact to listeners. It turns out a growing chain of negative influence, entangling all people. Some believe that one of the reasons for the occurrence of cruelty in different strata of the population is precisely the prefix without and without. The rule should change in such a way that the second option disappears, as they believe.

Swap words

With the introduction of two variants of the prefix we are interested in the morphology of the Russian language, so-called "words-overturns" appeared in the dictionary. That is, one is written, but the other is heard, the third is consciously understood.

A vivid example, in which the rule for writing consoles without- (no-) is realized, the word "without-hearted" was used, which means by spelling of the Old Russian language that does not have a heart, a cruel person. Everything here was right in the sense - a clear description was given by the denying prefix. And in the modern version of the word, this word turned into "heartless", that is, a heartfelt demon, kind and good.

In our language, there are many curious changers, the emergence of which determined the spelling of consoles without (the rule) existing today. Linguists believe that this is just a game of words, a coincidence. However, some of our compatriots tend to believe that this is a planned action, in order to enrage people against each other. They were able to see the following ambiguous images that arose when two variants appeared, where today there is a prefix: without and without. The rule of writing it led to the fact that such words appeared.

"Powerless" - here the semantic substitution leads at the level of the subconscious of a person in a non-strong state before a demon.

"Useless" - an attempt to resist him is absolutely useless.

"Fearless" - replacing one letter, we turned a strong word, which denoted a brave man, in calling for fear of the demon.

"Pointless" - we remain without purpose and without honor, and he is both purposeful and honest.

The concept of a person who has become so because of the replacement of one letter in the prefix becomes very unsightly. And it's all due to the fact that there is a modern rule for writing consoles without (without) in Russian. This man is without purpose in life, without honor, without compassion and without a way. And here is an unbroken, honest image, which in this and other world will rule over people. So the life-affirming, sonorous sound of "z" lost strength with people before "with", a weak sound, as some of our compatriots believe.

Disputes that causes the rule of writing consoles without (no) in Russian

This rule is still being questioned by some. They turn to pre-revolutionary sources. In the dictionary of Dal (his portrait is presented below), for example, we find a clear distinction between the rule of consoles without and without the traditional, Slavic point of view.

However, only the versions of the words corrected by Lunacharsky contain all the dictionaries of the last century. Some believe that he fundamentally changed the meaning of many of them, introducing misunderstanding and confusion in the Russian language. Having overthrown the writing of the prefix without a native Slavic, the revolutionaries distorted the image of Rusich - a strong, glorious one. Whether this was in fact, we are now unlikely to find out. The rules of consoles have not been canceled without, yet, so they will have to follow, whether we like it or not. The dispute continues today. In the meantime, modern spelling norms are being studied in schools, including the theme "Prefix without and without the Russian language". The rule (class 5 for the first time acquainted with it) should always be observed in order to write competently.