Past participle. Suffixes of the past participles. Past participle in the past tense

Russian language is a set of rules that you need not just to know, but to understand, to write competently and to speak beautifully. "Communion" - one of the important topics, having mastered that, you can learn a laconic, but expressive speech. Particular difficulty is the past participle of the past. Although, if you approach the study thoughtfully, then you can understand.

The difference between sentences with and without participles

Compare the sentences: one with participial turnover, and the second - complex with the subordinate. The first option is more concise, beautiful and poetic than the second.

It is especially important to be able to replace subordinate clauses for copywriters when executing orders, where the accuracy of the "water content" of texts is indicated, because the introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions and union words are just included in the list of "aquatic" expressions.

Communion as part of speech

Many people have difficulty understanding the features of this part of the speech. Children even write funny rhymes about this:

Infinite misfortune -
To study, to bow the sacrament!
I'll pomochus thoroughly,
While I begin the passive
Distinguish from the real.
What is even more painful?

From the course of the school it is known that the sacrament is not a simple form of the verb, because it has the properties of both the verb and the adjective. From the verb this part of speech has the form and time, and from the adjective - gender, number, case, full or short form. There is also a real past participle and a passive. This function - a pledge - it also received from the verb.

The time of the sacraments

Usually the past and the present are distinguished in participles. It is clear that to determine this category it is necessary to understand the semantic peculiarity of a word, to think about whether an action is taking place at the moment or has already happened. On the question of what the past participle is, there is an unambiguous answer: the meaning of the word indicates that the result is shown here, not the process. You can compare two options: "running boy" and "running boy". In the first case, the present time is used, because the child is performing the action at the moment. In the second case the child has already finished running and stands in front of us. Therefore, the time of the communion is past.

The real pledge of the sacraments

How to distinguish the true past participle from the passive? Yes, it's easy! First, you need to think about the meaning of the statement. Let's consider it on examples.

1. "The boy who was playing in the sand on the beach was extremely happy." "Playing" is a real past participle of the past, as he himself did.
2. "In the thick grass we hardly saw the chattering grasshopper." In this example, the past participle is also used in the actual voice. After all, it is clear to everyone that this insect itself was carrying out the described action-it was chirping.
3. "The bear that got out of the windlass was wildly frightened when he saw people." And here it is clear that the clumsy owner of the forest himself made the action. Therefore the word "got out" is also the past participle of the actual pledge.

Past participle in the past tense

The verbal form considered by us can denote the action that someone else produces with the object. Then the past participle has a passive voice. For a more complete understanding of this, examples should be considered.

1. "The dress, put on by a girl, was so much to her face that everyone looked at the baby with a smile of affection." From the context it is clear that the outfit alone can not do anything. Hence, "weary" is a passive participle, because the girl is acting, because she is wearing the dress.
2. "The dishes washed by Tanya glittered with purity." And here it is clear that someone before the moment described did some work - they could not clean themselves from the remnants of food themselves. Therefore, the word "washed up" is a passive participle of the past.

What are the main conditions for the spelling of suffixes in participles in the present tense, to understand, like, is not difficult, you just have to remember which suffix refers to a certain conjugation.

Formation of past participles

They are formed with the help of the verb stem of any time and suffixes that help: loved - loved, wanted - wanted, dreamed - dreamed, fed - fed, carried - carried, climbed - crawled out. These are examples of the formation of the past participles of the actual voice. On the pledge indicates that all actions are performed by the objects themselves. For passive participles of the past, other examples will suit: desire - desired, lead - led, mocked - mocked, promised - promised.

The suffixes of the past participle of the actual pledge

This form is formed from the stem of the verb with the help of suffixes: -шш-, -ш- . The form and the transitivity in this case do not matter. The suffix used in the formation of the sacrament depends only on the ending of the verb stem.

1. If it ends in a vowel, then it is written -w- . (Examples: draw - draw, build - build, look - look.)
2. If there is a consonant sound at the end of the stem, then you should put the suffix -ш- . (Examples: carry - carried, carry - carried.)
3. If the participle Is formed from the verb by- t , then the suffix -w- will be written after that vowel that was in the original verb form before- t . (For example: washing - washing, laughing - laughing, hanging - hanging.)

Table of Formation of past participle past participles

Transitivity and definition of the form of participles

To easily verify the transitivity of the sacrament, it is necessary from the verb forming it to put the question to the dependent noun. If in this construction the question of accusative case without a preposition is appropriate, then this is a transitive verb. For example: to watch (what?) A film, to print (what?) The abstract. In the design of "run (where?) On the road" the question "what?" Does not fit, then this is an intransitive verb, and the sacrament will have the same category respectively.

The kind of problems should not arise: if the action in the process is an imperfect kind, if it has already happened, the perfect one.

Formation of passive participles in the past tense

They are formed from the transitive verb of the corresponding time. There are very few verbs of the imperfect form of the participle.

According to the table, now only one important question arises: when suffixes of past passive participles are written with one "n", and when with two? It is important to remember a few simple rules. One "n" will be at participles of an imperfect kind, if they:

• Do not have a dependent word, prefix, suffix- ova- / -eva- : fried, boiled, smoked;
• Short participles: the partnership is formed, the wife is made up.

The two "n" have the complete passive participles of the past tense, formed by the verbs of the perfect species with the presence of:

• Dependent words: fried in sturgeon oil; Peas cooked in broth;
• Suffixes -aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

Communion "spoiled" and "enchanted" Have the same syntactic function as adjectives, that is, in the sentence they are most often definitions.

Past participles of an actual pledge may also have a return suffix -ya . For example: a hiding cockroach, a fallen out sand, a laughed beauty, a frightened fly.

Exceptions to general rules

But there are always exceptions in the Russian language. Words such as "seek," "love," and "take" are incapable of forming passive participles. There is also such a feature in verbs ending in -sty : they can be reincarnated into the passive participles of the past tense. For example:

• Weave. (In the baskets woven by the grandfather it is so convenient to collect mushrooms.)
• Steal. (Stolen cat slippers we could not find for a long time.)
• Obresti. (The bone newly found by Sharik greatly rejoiced him, because of what he happily wagged his tail.)
• To find. (When the teacher found the found cribs, Vasya realized that he had to come up with a way to cheat better, but the more he cunning, the more he had to know.)

Knowledge of the rules of the Russian language is not a guarantee that a person will be able to write and speak correctly. They need to be understood. And it is extremely important to develop the ability to use their knowledge in practice.