Participial

The sacramental involvement is communion together with dependent words. The word can be found after it (received from the brother's congratulation) or before him (greetings received from his brother).

Separation of participial turnover gives it a greater semantic load than in the case of its non-acquisition. For comparison: Written in an inexpressive handwriting, the letter was not easy to read (the main meaning is supplemented with a causal one). The letter written in a blank expression was not easy to read (here there is only a definition). If the participial turnover is at the end or at the beginning of the sentence, in oral speech he stands out with an intonational pause, and on the letter - with a comma. If it is located in the middle of the sentence, commas are placed on both sides. For example: Forests consisting of oak are called oak groves.

When the participial turnover is not detached, it is more closely attached to the noun that determines. For example, you can compare: The forehead covered with deep wrinkles (a constant sign) - The forehead, covered with rain drops (the characteristic is temporary). Of course, the semantics of these constructions also matters. In the first case, the sentence is read without a gradual increase in the voice, pause, and lowering of the voice, characteristic for the intonation of the turnover. Accordingly, do not put a comma on the letter.

If the conditions of the context, the situation of the utterance and the meaning of the sentence justify the absence of explanatory words, they may be omitted. For example: The scheduled task was completed at the right time (which was agreed earlier).

You should also keep in mind such cases:

1. The involved turnaround can begin with words that depend on it, and not with the sacrament: Students cheerful, who defended their diplomas a couple of hours ago. Students are the word that is defined here, after which a comma is put.

2. The involved turnover may be located next to the union. In this case, the union is not detached, the comma is placed before it. For example: In front of the window rose roses, blooming for a long time, and yet not blossoming lilies.

In some cases, participial trafficking can replace synonymous subordinate clauses. This happens when:

1. The statement is of a bookish nature, for example: Multiple evidence, accumulated by science, confirms the correctness of the assumption put forward by a beginning scientist. The use of such forms rare for the modern language, like the bearable, the driven, the drawn, bring into speech the solemnity tone.

2. The union word "which" is repeated several times in a complex sentence. Especially when subordinate clauses are consistently subordinate to each other, for example: At the pedagogical conference, which was devoted to the problems of teaching, a number of reports were heard that contained examples of the application of some techniques in practice. In this case, each of the subordinate clauses can be replaced by participial trafficking, and all together.

3. It is necessary to exclude the ambiguity often encountered because of the possible different correlation of the union word "which". For example: Underlined words in phrases that are used for morphological analysis (depending on the semantics of the sentence, you can use used or used);

4. When the expression is given a brevity, due to stylistic considerations.

The participial turnover has many advantages. But, using them, one must also remember about this lack of this part of speech, as not very good sounding due to the accumulation of forms ending in -y and -shy.

In English there is also such a thing as an independent participial turnover. But he is found mainly in highly specialized literature (technical, legal), rarely - in art books, and even less often - in colloquial speech.