How to connect an automaton in the shield: assembly, installation, wiring

To understand how to connect the machine in the shield, you need to familiarize yourself with the minimum requirements for electrical safety, fire protection. Also, knowledge of the basics of electrical engineering will be needed to calculate the necessary load from electrical appliances. It is important to choose the type of appliance, the rating of its operation and the number of safety devices.

Purpose of electrical protection

To understand how to connect an automaton in the shield, you need to familiarize yourself with its purpose and types. In the electrical panel is located all the equipment for the distribution of power to domestic appliances. Here there are terminal blocks, an electricity meter, an RCD device, automata, relays.

It keeps the equipment of the din-rail, made of conductive material and grounded at one point. Electroshield try to locate at the entrance to the apartment or from the street side in a private house. The machine itself refers to the complex technical devices. To him are certain requirements, depending on the purpose of the device.

A modern automatic meter for the meter protects the wiring, the equipment from short-circuiting and can protect even people from electric shock. Self-made fixture for the device in the shield is forbidden to comply with safety rules when performing work in live devices. How to connect the machine in the shield, a specialist who has the appropriate tolerance group knows. But if it is expensive to apply to a master, and it is not profitable, then you can make a replacement yourself.

It is also important to know how to connect the machine in the shield, before buying and installing household appliances. So for heaters more powerful safety systems are chosen, and for low-power devices it will be necessary to add separate automata. For the latter put electronic circuit breakers. It is often advisable to install an RCD to provide a high degree of reliability of the protective devices.

In most cases, electricians provide a standard scheme for connecting live wires - from above. However, often a box for a meter is assembled by specialists who are not related to electricity, and they draw the phases from below the machine. Therefore, before replacing the failed devices, it is necessary to perform a voltage measurement with a working voltmeter.

General information

The box for the meter in the apartments contains a two-wire circuit for connecting electrical appliances. It is simple and contains a supply wire - a "phase", and a lead wire - "neutral" or "zero". Modern standards require the use of "grounding", to protect against short circuits. Such devices as a washing machine, a refrigerator, an electric oven must be connected in a three-wire circuit.

The designation of the earth wire is common - yellow-green stripes. To connect the machine does not matter, on which terminal the phase wire will be connected. But it is recommended to bring it from above, so that the next inexperienced expert does not get caught by the current, grabbing the wire from the bottom of the machine from habit. Before any work, it is required to disconnect the input switch, but many electricians perform work under voltage.

The wiring and connection must be carried out by a specialist having the appropriate education and tolerances. Understand the nuances of installing some machines is not easy, especially if each outlet and a light bulb the consumer decided to install a separate switch. Some organizations can provide a complete electrical assembly assembly. But in this case it is necessary to provide for the possibility of installing additional automata in the future, if desired, to change the general electrical circuit.

Recommendations for the replacement of instruments

To install and connect the machine you will need:

• Tools: nippers, flat and cross screwdrivers, multimeter.
• The wire calculated for the used household appliance, the cross section should exceed twice the load. The installation is done in an already installed flap, so the din rail is not taken into account.
• The machine must have standard fasteners. The wires are placed in a corrugated hose to protect against mechanical damage.

With the cable removed insulation, the length of the stripped wire is selected no more than 10 mm, so that the bare parts were outside the access zone for the hands and did not touch the metal parts. Earthing is recommended. In old houses, it may be absent altogether. But for your own safety you need to install it.

To connect the "ground" in the shield, a common open terminal strip is used for each supply wire. The diverting conductor is of one larger cross section. "Neutral" is also recommended to perform one shoe, but a closed type. It often has potential, dangerous for human life. Mounting of the shield starts with the connection of an earth wire, then neutral. Finally, the phase is put.

In the presence of several automatic machines, jumpers are used, which begin to be placed from the input switch. The hose, corrugated inside the flap, is only needed if the cable is unconventional, when there is a risk of damage. Short corrugation is not imposed.

The jumper is replaced by a common distribution plate, available for sale from any electrical shop. To protect the contacts from contact, use a box under the machine made of plastic or other dielectric.

Select a device

The load on the machine must be less than the design load. Demand is used 10, 16, 20 ampere. A higher nominal value is usually placed under boilers, house heaters, ovens. For standard devices, 10 amps are suitable: PC, TV, iron or hair dryer. However, if several loads can be connected to one device, the resulting value is obtained by adding all the values.

It is not recommended to use many devices, sockets, lighting lamps on one machine. If one link fails, the socket can fuse without turning off the fuse. So a 2-amp household appliance can start consuming 5 amps in case of a malfunction in the board. The machine, designed for 16 amps, will not work. Even the insulation on the wires can be melted.

Therefore, before choosing the machine, it is recommended that you consult an electrician on the type of protective device. They differ in the speed of operation, the purpose of protection, the connection, the internal device, the number of phases. For mounting in the shield, the phase conductor is fed from the side of the stationary contact, the marking is often indicated on the machine body.

Types of switches

The device of the circuit breaker depends on its type: the response speed can be milliseconds for magnetic switches and several hours for machines with a bimetallic plate. The letter in the designation is important when choosing a protective device. For the house it is recommended to put types B, C.

Rarely occur in everyday life classes Z (for electronic devices), D (for electric motors and inductors), A (for extended conductors). Experienced electricians recommend combining machines with devices RCD (protective shutdown device) or use a difa-automat. There are electromechanical and electronic protection. The second is less reliable and quickly breaks down, burns tracks and internal elements with significant overloads.

When choosing the type of machine, it is recommended that the current rating through the cross section of the wiring should exceed the possible overload and the maximum value of the circuit breaker. If the machine has a high speed of response and sensitivity, then it will have a higher cost. However, in all cases, it will not be reliable, erroneous tripping for increased load is possible.

Identify such a problem can only be in each case when analyzing the type of household appliance and additional parallel loads that are simultaneously included in the network.

Design features

The circuit-breaker device can be of the following types:

• Electronic principle of operation.
• Electromechanical.
• Electromagnetic.

For the home, budget choices for automating the electromagnetic principle of action are often chosen. The main working part is a bimetallic plate. It is advisable to choose a switch commensurate with the cost of the equipment. For normal functions, conventional automatic machines are suitable, but if a specific electrician is used, it is recommended not to save on protective equipment.

Fuses are used in production to this day in the most critical parts of the electrical circuit. RCD mainly protects the human body from electric shock. From the fundamentals of electrical engineering it is known that the current in the series circuit is the same. The principle of operation of the device is based on comparing the current of phase and zero wires. The so-called differential current arising at the time of human injury is revealed.

However, the RCD can often operate erroneously when large inductances or capacitances are operating. The work of the machine is not affected by the method of connecting the phase and neutral in a single-pole version. The overload is measured, the potential difference is not taken into account.

Common Mistakes

At the end of the works, a distribution board was received , the electrical installation was carried out according to all the rules. But the machine still knocks out for no apparent reason or the machinery is not working in the house. Such a result is possible if some moments are mistakenly executed.

A simple and solvable problem is the absence of contact in the terminals of the machine. This is possible with insufficiently removed insulation of the wire, when the clamping jaws hit the dielectric part. The bare end should protrude slightly from the machine, and they must be protected by a dielectric housing, which is put over the switch.

Suppose that the flap in the apartment has a non-standard wiring diagram, and during installation could plant a neutral device on the earth conductor. This variant of malfunction arises only for beginners, but it can lead to the failure of an expensive device: a TV, a PC, a charger or other type of equipment.

Burnout of pads can occur when power is turned on in the mains, when the wires live on the machine is not stretched and has a weak contact. From a heavy load breaks the spark, as a result the device in this place is heated, but does not knock out. Continuous operation in this mode leads to the fact that the plastic begins to melt until it ignites or shorts to a grounded housing.

A typical error occurs when the cross-section of the connected wires is slightly different. In this case, a loose contact is possible, because of which the spark will penetrate. Eventually, this will end with the result described above. To avoid a fire, a non-combustible distribution board is needed. Electrical installation is erroneous when connecting several sources of different power to one machine. The higher the difference between the most powerful device and the weak one, the less reliable contact is obtained in the sponges.

Recommendations for work execution

Ease of installation is achieved when forming wires in the form of a y-shaped arc at the connection point. Thus, the task of retaining the conductor at the time of tightening the terminal is facilitated. Before making a connection, be sure to turn off the input switch, if possible.

To connect automata, you can use your own jumpers of the same cross-section. However, the best solution will be a common bus with standard mounts. When tightening single-core wires, there are no questions, but difficulties are possible when using stranded conductors.

It will be necessary to conduct the termination of the veins before tightening into the terminal. For this, a special crimping device is used, which can be bought in electric shops. On its lips, standard cross-sections are marked, choosing the appropriate part, they achieve the best contact after the crimping procedure. A smaller diameter will lead to a partial cable break, and a larger one will not give the desired result.

For crimping, special tips for a particular wire diameter can be used. There is a second method - soldering. It is longer, but less reliable and is used in low-power circuits. The junction is soft. Initially, the terminals will be tightened to the maximum, but after a while they will be weakened by the fact that the solder starts to "swim". Bad contact also threatens the occurrence of a fire.

What not to do?

Often in the old buildings used aluminum wires, and new connection schemes have copper cores. Inexperienced electricians can connect the two metals to twist, which in time may end up replacing the wiring. This is due to a chemical reaction between two different substances: aluminum and copper.

Oxidizing process occurs, the speed of which depends on the load in the given circuit. If there is a need for such a connection, the installation can be carried out through insulated terminals. However, after a long time, the bolts have to be stretched, they will be weakened. Twists are not recommended for use in the scutellum. And each machine is better to sign, in a few years you can forget about the purpose of the device.

Reduce the load on the machine can be by using cost-effective household appliances and lighting lamps. This approach will not allow thinking about the possibility of reflow insulation. There is only a risk of a short circuit.

In case of malfunction

If the machine is knocked out, do not immediately turn it on. First, you need to evaluate the possible cause of the malfunction: a newly hung shelf, a new device purchased, or no previous events. Overloading could occur due to burnout of a part of the wire in monolithic structures. To find a problematic place, there are devices available for special electricians. This is relevant, when the cost of opening the wall is much higher than the cost of work on the diagnosis of electrical equipment at home.

When knocking out the machine, it is recommended to use an ohmmeter and check if there is a short to ground or between conductors: phase and neutral. Before this, all household appliances are turned off. Inclusion in the circuit produces one device, while measuring the current through the wire with electric clamps.

Exceeding the load rating of the machine requires either the replacement of the circuit breaker itself, or a change in the location of its connection. During diagnostics, it is possible to check the wire with hands without a measuring device, taking the insulation during the operation of the consumers. If it heats, then there is an overcharge in the circuit.