Gaimorovy sinuses: structure, functions. Causes of genyantritis

The maxillary sinuses are cavities located in the upper jaw on either side of the nose and are one of the numerous paranasal sinuses. By their name, the maxillary sinuses are due to the English physician Nathaniel Gaimor, the first doctor who described sinusitis.

The structure of the maxillary sinuses.

There are four pairs of adnexal sinuses: maxillary, main (wedge-shaped), frontal and latticed. The maxillary sinuses, or as they are also called maxillary sinuses, have the largest dimensions - each with a volume of about 30 cm3. The volume of the maxillary sinuses is greatly influenced by the thickness of its walls. The shape resembles a tetrahedral pyramid, which has anterior (front), upper (orbital), posterior and inner walls. Quite often there is asymmetry of sinuses. With age, the size and shape of the maxillary sinuses increase substantially.

In a normal healthy state, the maxillary sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity and are therefore filled with air. The lower wall of the sinuses is very thin, sensitive and easily inflames with inflammatory processes occurring in the mouth and teeth. In addition, the bottom of the sinuses is very close to the roots of the upper posterior teeth, sometimes the roots of the seventh and eighth of the upper teeth are free to stand directly in the sinus.

The main function of the maxillary sinuses is the formation of nasal breathing, the creation of resonance in the formation of the voice, and the formation of the sense of smell. The inner surface of the maxillary sinuses is covered with a thin mucous membrane, in which there are very few nerve endings, which explains its low sensitivity. It is because of the insensitivity of the mucosa, many diseases can occur for a long time without causing any sensations and remaining unnoticed.

Inflammation of the maxillary sinus is called a sinusitis, during which the secret of the mucosa due to lack of outflow begins to accumulate in the sinus. This is accompanied by an unpleasant sensation of raspiraniya and pain, and in case of suppuration of the contents of the sinus, these symptoms are associated with high temperature and intoxication.

The main manifestations of inflammation of the maxillary sinuses are: pain in the forehead, one or two sinuses, prolonged runny nose, chills, impaired sense of smell, difficulty in nasal breathing and fever. However, for the final diagnosis is necessary radiography of the sinuses. In the acute phase of maxillitis inflammatory process mainly captures the layer of epithelial cells, as well as underlying tissue and blood vessels. Chronic sinusitis is characterized by the spread of the inflammatory process to the sinus bone walls and submucosal base. Genyantritis can get sick at any age, with the incidence sharply rising in the damp and cold season.

The main causes of sinusitis.

Inflammation of the maxillary sinuses can be provoked by a number of factors. An important role in its development is played by pathological processes of the oral cavity, nose and pharynx, respiratory tract infections. Quite often, sinusitis occurs during influenza, acute cold, scarlet fever and measles and also due to various diseases of the four posterior upper teeth and their roots.

The main cause of sinusitis is infection. Viruses or bacteria enter the maxillary sinuses through the nasal cavity, causing an inflammatory process. In addition, predisposing to the occurrence of sinusitis are conditions that disrupt normal nasal breathing: vasomotor rhinitis, curvature of the septum of the nose, allergic diseases of the nose, hypertrophic rhinitis and adenoids. Incorrect or untimely treatment of acute respiratory disease, rhinitis and common cold also contribute to the development of sinusitis.