Book vocabulary of the Russian language

For a better understanding of what book vocabulary is, let us recall that in linguistics there are two important concepts - language and speech, which should be distinguished from each other. Language is a system of signs and rules by which these signs are used. It is constant at each time stage and inherent in any individual. In everyday communication a person encounters a specific manifestation and functioning of a given language in the process of communication, that is, with a speech.

Speech can be oral or written. The latter makes particularly stringent demands on the person, because the only means of conveying information on the letter are the words. Unlike the real situation of oral communication, the writer can not help himself with gestures, facial expressions, intonation, and the reader can not ask about what he misunderstood. Hence the well-known proverb: "What is written with a pen - that you can not cut down with an ax." At the same time, for creating oral utterances, a person has great opportunities for choosing and appropriate organization of linguistic means.

All the words of the language form his vocabulary. Since people use the language for different purposes (communicating with friends, colleagues and loved ones, creating literary works, writing scientific articles and dissertations, drafting bills and much more), it is clear that the means used for these purposes must be different. Mikhail Lomonosov was the first to pay attention to this. It was he who pioneered the development of the "theory of the three calm", describing them as "high", "medium" and "low".

The basis of the language is stylistically neutral vocabulary (home, table, spoon, rag, good, blue, walk, run, walk, in, if, etc.). "Low" vocabulary today is called conversational (electric train, stupid, snack, ah, yeah) and "prostoretchnoy" (moron, vtyuritsya, paskudno and others right up to the profanity).

Book vocabulary - this is the words that Lomonosov referred to "high calm". Modern linguists along with the colloquial style distinguish 4 basic book styles: journalistic, official, business, scientific and style of fiction. All of them are characterized by the use, along with a neutral, stylistically colored vocabulary.

1. Book vocabulary of journalistic style (special terminology: chronicle, correspondent, format, news portal, news agency, opposition, genocide, denominations, estimated vocabulary: avant-garde, anticolonial, high-class, fail).
2. Vocabulary of official business style (clericalism: subscriber, client, bank account, it is necessary, the applicant, cassation; business words: because of, because of fault, because, terminology is widely used and narrowly specialized: attache, ratification, protocol, charge).
3. Book vocabulary of the scientific style (terms of different types: differentiation, argument, alkali, interference, square root, phonology, abstract and general lexicon: fluctuation, comparison, location, abbreviations: VNIIGMI, CAD, symbols: CuS, PbO, production words: Adjustment, grinding, rolling).
4. High vocabulary of the artistic style (poeticisms: bowels, flame, ambrosia, lofty, bed, listen, archaisms and historicisms: brow, lanits, hand, vizhd, spoken; folk poetic vocabulary: kruginushka, sorrow grieve, dear friend, walk).

The book vocabulary, the examples of which are given above, can be used in oral utterances, but in this case, the interlocutors understand such words and expressions as foreign, used for a specific purpose, for example, comic ("Read this manuscript!", "Uvolte!", What kind of apartheid! "," Well, dear friend! ").