Soviet scientist, one of the founders of cosmonautics Yuri Kondratyuk: biography, achievements and interesting facts

Yuri Kondratyuk - a scientist of the USSR with the White Guard past. He was born in 1897, on June 9th. At the beginning of the 20th century, he calculated the optimal trajectory of the flight to the moon - the Kondratyuk route. Subsequently, his calculations were used by NASA in the Apollo program. Let's consider what Yuri Kondratyuk was famous for.

Biography from birth to desertion

The real name of the future outstanding scientist was completely different. Yuri Kondratyuk is the pseudonym of Alexander Ignatievich Shargey. He was born in Poltava, in the family of the Russified German woman and the Jew who converted to Catholicism. Great-grandfather was Anton Andreevich Shlippenbach, who participated in the Patriotic War of 1812.

Alexander spent his childhood in the house of his grandmother and her second husband. She was a midwife, and he was a zemstvo doctor, and later chief of the third branch of the treasury. When the boy was one year old, his father went to Germany, to Darmstadt, to study at the Higher Technical School. After some time, the mother began a mental illness, which resulted in her being placed in a hospital near the village of. Small Budishchi. Here she spent the rest of her life.

In 1903 his father took his son to St. Petersburg. Here Elena Petrovna Giberman came into their family. She was the daughter of a well-known gynecologist and translator of medical publications of PI Lurie-Giberman. In the following year, 1907, Alexander entered the gymnasium on Vasil'svesky Island. In 1910, his half-sister Nina appeared. In the same year, his father died suddenly. Alexander returned to his grandmother's house.

From 1910 to 1916 he was educated in the Second Poltava Gymnasium, which he graduated with a silver medal. Upon completion of training, Alexander enters the Petrograd Polytechnic Institute, the mechanical department (now - St. Petersburg Polytechnic State University). However, in November 1916, he was transferred to the school of ensigns by conscription. Before the demobilization in the spring of 1918, he took part in the battles on the Turkish front. Being an officer of the tsarist army, after the revolution of 1917, he was mobilized in the White troops, but deserted.

After the capture of the Red Army Kiev, Alexander tried to go abroad on foot. But he was detained and returned back. Under the fear of reprisals for her past with the help of her stepmother Elena Giberman received new documents. From that moment on, he became Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk, born in Lutsk in 1900. According to these documents, he lived the remaining time.

First work activity

From 1921 to 1927, Yuri Kondratyuk worked in the Kuban, Southern Ukraine, the Northern Caucasus. Here he was a greaser, a trailer for wagons, an elevator mechanic. In 1927, he moved to Siberia under the threat of reprisals by the Cheka. It was easier to hide under a false name. In Novosibirsk, Yuri Kondratyuk arranged for the company "Hleboprodukt." Here he had to take part in the construction and improvement of elevators. Just at this time he built the famous "Mastodon" - a granary, designed for 13 thousand tons. The structure was created without a single nail. During the same period, Yuri Kondratyuk visited Biysk on several occasions. Here he lectured on mechanization of the grain storage process.

Trial

Meanwhile, the management of the enterprise "Hleboprodukt" doubted the reliability of "Mastodon", which was created by Yuri Kondratyuk. The arrest on charges of wrecking took place in 1930, July 30. The management of the enterprise was alarmed that the author of the project not only did not use nails, but did not even make any drawings. As a result, on charges Yuri Kondratyuk was sentenced to three years in camp. "Mastodon" also stood for more than 60 years and was destroyed in the mid-90's from a fire.

New Activities

Meanwhile, the camp was replaced by work in the special bureau No. 14, formed in Novosibirsk, for inmate engineers. Here the development of projects of coal enterprises was carried out. Yury Kondratyuk was involved in this activity. His biography is filled with various amazing events. So, working in bureau No. 14, he managed to obtain a copyright certificate and a patent in the field of mining and mining equipment. In addition, he published a number of articles on special problems. Among them were the facilitation and acceleration of the mining of mines in the formwork mechanization of rock-cutting and concrete work, reinforced concrete koper, etc.

Crimean wind power station

During the existence of a specialized bureau, a competition was held to create sketches for this installation. Yuri Kondratyuk got acquainted with the conditions. He carried out the project of the wind farm in co-authorship with Gorchakov. A little later, Nikitin, the creator of Ostankino TV tower, was involved in the work. Sketches were completed by November 1932. The authors after a short period of time receive permission to travel to the capital. At the competition, their project was the best. In 1933, at the insistence of the People's Commissariat of Industry, Kondratyuk is released ahead of schedule from expulsion. By the next 1934 the sketch of the wind farm was completely refined. The construction of the foundation of the installation began in 1937 on Mount Ai-Petri. However, already in the following year, 1938, the works were stopped due to the refusal to build powerful wind farms. During the next two years Kondratyuk designed small experimental wind farms.

Interesting fact

During the work on the sketches of wind power plants, the practical experience that Kondratyuk Yuri Vasilievich had, a biography, achievements attracted him was SP Koroleva. The latter was counting on cooperation. However, Kondratyuk Yuri did not accept this proposal. According to one version, he motivated the refusal by existing obligations related to work on wind power plants. According to other sources, the reason was that activities related to military projects were tightly controlled by the NKVD. In the case of verification, it could reveal its White Guard past and the fact of falsification of documents. The consequences could be very serious.

Participation in the Second World War

At the very beginning of the war, Yuri Kondratyuk enlisted in the militia volunteer. He was enlisted in the 2nd Rifle Regiment of the 21st Moscow Division of the Kiev District, in the communications company, the telephone operator. In October 1941, the unit came out of the encirclement. After that, Kondratyuk served in a connected company of the 47th Infantry Regiment of the 194th Division. After that, he was the commander of the corps and the separation of the 1st Battalion, which was part of the 2nd formation of the 49th Western Army. In accordance with the record "Memory Books" Yuri Kondratyuk (Yuriy Kondratyuk) was killed in 1942, February 25. He was buried in the Orel region, near the village of Krivtsovo.

The founder of cosmonautics

Yuri Kondratyuk for the years of his work has produced several works. So, regardless of Tsiolkovsky, he was able to derive the basic equation of the missile's flight by an original method. In addition, Kondratyuk gave a description and diagram of a four-stage installation on oxygen-hydrogen fuel, a paraboloidal nozzle, a combustion chamber in an engine with a chess and other arrangement of nozzles and much more. All this he set out in his book "Those who will read to build" in 1919.

Key Ideas

In his work Kondratyuk proposed:

1. Apply atmospheric drag while braking the rocket during descent to save fuel.
2. To bring the ship in the process of flying to other planets to the orbit of an artificial satellite. To plant a person and return him to the station to use a small landing site. This proposal was implemented in the Apollo program.
3. Apply a gravitational field from colliding cosmic bodies for overclocking or deceleration during a flight along the solar system. This proposal was called "perturbation maneuver."

In the same work, Kondratyuk considered the possibility of using solar energy to power the on-board system of the spacecraft, and also place large mirrors in the near-earth orbit to illuminate the surface of the planet.

The second work

In 1929 he created a book on the conquest of interplanetary spaces. In it, Kondratyuk outlined the sequence of the initial stages of space exploration, which he described in his first work. Thus, in the new book the author proposed to supply satellites within the near-earth orbit with the help of a missile-artillery system. Today, this method is implemented in the form of transport-cargo ships of the "Progress" type. Also in the book Kondratyuk explored questions about the thermal protection of spacecraft during their movement in the atmosphere.

Memory

Much effort has been made to restore the good name of Yuri Kondratyuk, his co-worker and fellow soldier, and later the design engineer of the bureau. Lavochkin BI Romanenko. After retirement, he devoted himself entirely to "interplanetary" journalism. In memory of the outstanding achievements of Kondratyuk, many monuments were created, streets were named, jubilee coins were issued. So, the monuments are installed in Poltava, in Komsomolsk (near the technical school). In the Krylovsky District of the Krasnodar Territory, in Art. October, the Kondratyuk Memorial Museum was created. Since 1992, his name was named Novosibirsk Aerospace Lyceum. In Novosibirsk and Kiev there are Kondratyuk streets. In the last, on one of the houses, a memorial plaque was erected. In Ukraine, in its time, a medal was also established for them. Yu. V. Kondratyuk. In 1997, his name was given to Poltava University. Currently, it is the National Technical Institute. Yu. V. Kondratyuk. In 1970, one of the craters on the reverse side of the Moon was named after him. In the Russian capital - Moscow - there is a street. Kondratyuk, which is part of a complex of intracity sites dedicated to the exploration of outer space. Until 1965 this street was called the 2nd Novostankinsky lane. In 1997, a coin of the jubilee model was issued in Ukraine, and in 2007 - two postage stamps with the name Kondratyuk. A street dedicated to the memory of the figure is also in Rubtsovsk. Here is one of the oldest enterprises for processing and storing grain products. In Kamen-na-Obi, the city where the famous "Mastodon" was built, there is Kondratyuk street. A monument in honor of the designer was erected on the embankment. In 2012, June 21, the search engine "Google" put up a logo in honor of Kondratyuk. In 2014, on October 18, an outstanding scientist and designer was received in Alamogordo at the Gallery of International Glory. In Orel, Bolkhov district, on the territory of the memorial near the village of Krivtsovo, a memorial sign to Kondratyuk was erected, which allegedly died here during the bloody battles of the Second World War.

Conclusion

Despite his rather antisoviet past, Yuri Kondratyuk made a huge contribution to the development of Russian cosmonautics, construction, construction and a number of other relevant sectors for the country. His books have received wide practical application not only in Russia, but also abroad. Unfortunately, in the pre-war years there were no such opportunities for the realization of creative and scientific potential. Nevertheless, Kondratyuk managed to create many projects that left a trace in the domestic history. He was distinguished by a lively mind, great energy, serious attitude to everything he did. Romanenko played a special role in the restoration of memory of him. In many respects thanks to him many facts of Kondratyuk's biography became known. Romanenko published a book dedicated to the life and work of his distinguished colleague and fellow soldier. If it were not for his death in the battles of the Great Patriotic War, it is likely that the world would have learned about the new discoveries and achievements of Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk. Many of its developments are used now.