What means of collective protection are there? Purpose and application of collective protection equipment

At each enterprise, two or more workers must comply with the relevant labor protection regulations. Collective protection refers to devices or structures that guarantee this possibility. Safety of life and health of employees is provided without fail in every enterprise.

Safety must be achieved with respect to possible emissions, electric shock, temperature effects, vibrations, biological, chemical, mechanical factors, noise and much more. The means of collective protection in the enterprise are developed precisely for this purpose. Such adaptations are divided into two main groups. Some are designed to ensure the safety of employees in the work process, while others serve as a safe haven for emergencies.

Classification of means of collective protection

VHCs reduce the likelihood or completely prevent the impact on the personnel of production factors that pose a health hazard. Means are used to normalize the lighting and air purification in working rooms. Every enterprise must provide protection against falling from a height, contact with electricity, from biological, chemical and mechanical influences. The temperature range suitable for the body is always respected. Workers should not be exposed to lasers, ultrasound, vibration, noise, electric fields, as well as infrared, ionizing, electromagnetic, ultraviolet radiation.

Safety of air and lighting

Collective protection means include devices for ventilation, conditioning, deodorization, maintaining barometric pressure, alarm, and autonomous control of airspace. VHCs to normalize the visual environment in workrooms are lighting apertures, lights, searchlights, protective devices.

Influence of infrared, electromagnetic, ultraviolet radiation, noise and current

Collective protection means include protective, precautionary, sealing devices, protective coatings, devices for cleaning liquids or air, decontamination, sealing, automatic control, control at a certain distance, a device for storing or moving radioactive elements, containers, safety signs. Noises are suppressed due to a special technique, soundproofing and absorbing coatings. To protect personnel from electric shocks, insulating materials, grounding, control devices, alarms and automatic shutdown are used.

The effects of static electricity and temperatures

The means of collective protection include moisturizing, grounding, shielding devices, neutralizers and anti-electrostatic substances. VHCs from low or high temperatures of equipment and air are devices for heating or cooling, signaling, remote control, automatic control, fencing and thermo-insulating devices.
Mechanical, chemical effects, as well as biological factors are also subject to maximum neutralization.

Prevention of falling from height

Means of protection are safety signs, sealing, protective, safety devices, alarm devices, automatic control, long distance control, toxin removal, air purification, drugs and equipment for deratization, disinsection, sterilization, protective nets.

Fire-technical products

Means of individual and collective protection of workers in fires must be available at every enterprise. According to the relevant order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, employees have the right to access the devices and facilities to ensure group security, as well as special technical devices to prevent fire or sustain life. The safety of people should be maintained while work is under way to extinguish the flame and there is a threat to their health. Fire protection walls, shelters, windows, doors, as well as the location of fire extinguishing means and individual protection of employees of the enterprise should be provided in the projects of buildings.

Occupational health

Modes of work in hot weather in the open area and in the production premises in the warm season provide for the use of collective protective equipment for personnel to comply with hygiene standards (prevention of heat strokes).

Objects of civil defense

Collective means of protecting the population include various shelters in the event of accidents, wars, accidents. The relevance of their organization for enterprises located in hazardous areas can not be questioned. Government regulations are created to regulate the design and operation of VHCs.

Collective protection against weapons of mass destruction

VHCs are engineering structures designed to protect the public. These are the most reliable means of defending citizens in the event of the use of means of attack, the consequences of which are of a massive nature. As a refuge, anti-radiation shelters can be used.

Means of collective protection against weapons of mass destruction prevent the exposure of harmful gases, biological and other toxic substances, high temperature, consequences of nuclear explosions. In such shelters, several rooms for people and equipment are provided, as well as ventilation chambers, bathrooms, medical rooms, storerooms, power units and water extraction sites. For the most part, in such projects there are several exits, closed with a completely sealed hatch or door. They are always located in areas where the possibility of a collapse is excluded. Capacious structures include vestibules and shafts.

Ventilation

Supply of RMS air takes place in several modes. It is possible to clean ventilation, as well as filtration. Restoration of oxygen reserves and the function of full insulation is provided in shelters constructed in areas of high probability of a fire. Electricity, water, heating, sewerage systems are connected to external networks.

In shelters, portable duplicating devices are provided in case of failure of the main stationary ones, as well as containers for water storage and waste collection. Heating is carried out through the operation of heating networks. All shelters must be equipped with fire extinguishing, reconnaissance, protective clothing and spare tools.

Exposure to radiation

Means of individual and collective protection of workers in the contamination of the terrain by radiation prevent exposure to ionizing radiation, light radiation, as well as neutron flux, provide shelter from the shock wave, avoid the ingress of toxic and biological substances into the body. For the most part, such shelters are equipped in basements. The possibility of rapid construction of shelters from reinforced concrete elements, timber, brick, stones and even brushwood is not ruled out.

All sorts of buried rooms can be converted to anti-radiation shelters. These include cellars, caves, cellars, underground workings, storage for vegetables. The main characteristic of collective protection equipment of this type is the sufficiently high strength of the walls.

Improving the security of the

For this, the window and unused doorways are closed, and a layer of soil is laid on the floors. If necessary, the external backfilling of walls protruding above the ground is performed. The means of collective protection in the enterprise are specially sealed. Cracks, holes or cracks are fixed on ceilings and walls, on places of a conclusion of conducting and heating pipes, and also on slopes of windows. The doors are covered with felt or some other dense cloth.

The exhaust and supply ducts are provided for ventilation of rooms with a small area. In buildings adapted for shelter, but not equipped with a water supply system, liquid tanks with a capacity of 4 liters per person per day are installed. The bathroom is equipped with a cesspool. A remote container or bio-toilet can be installed. Also mounted beds, benches and caches for food. An external power network provides lighting of such premises.

Addition of basements

The safety features of each collective protective equipment, the use of which according to the plan should provide shelter from radiation, can be increased many times due to additional equipment. After the commandant of the shelter has given appropriate orders, all sealed doors, emergency exits, vent caps are closed. The air filtration system is activated. When poisonous or poisonous substances penetrate, every inhabitant of the shelter should immediately wear an individual respiratory protection device.

If possible, it is necessary to activate the oxygen filtration unit if a fire arises near the shelter or an excessive concentration of potent poisons is formed. Preliminarily it will be necessary to transfer the shelter to the regime of complete isolation. Many people think that the collective means of protection include gas masks. These are individual devices intended for personal use, which must be completed with each shelter. After weathering of harmful substances from the shelter, gas masks can be removed.

Common rules

Only the headquarters of the civil defense object determines the required duration of the collective protection of workers. The rules of conduct during the exit, as well as the order of actions, must be preliminarily established. Asylum seekers receive all instructions by phone or by any other means of communication. The manager of the service should warn about the possibility of exit from the shelter.

Simple shelters

What means of collective protection can be attributed to the simplest? These are open or overlapped cracks, which can be built using improvised materials. Protective properties of the simplest shelters are very reliable. Thanks to their use, penetrating radiation, a shock wave, and also light radiation do less damage. The level of irradiation, the effect of biological and toxic agents on the skin is reduced.

Slots are built in areas where the possibility of blockages or flooding by rain and melt water is excluded. First, open structures are created. These are trenches in the form of a zigzag, consisting of several sections more than 15 meters in length. The depth is up to 2 meters, and the width is about 1 meter. This shelter is designed for 50 people. Before installing a slot, it is necessary to mark out its plan on the terrain.

Conclusion

Today everyone can find out what means of protection belong to the collective. These facilities and devices are designed to ensure the safety of workers in enterprises, as well as to protect citizens in cases of natural disasters, the threat of exposure to radioactive or chemical substances. The shelter can be equipped in any basement or structure with thick enough walls. Each shelter should be equipped with the necessary devices to maintain the full cycle of people's lives, as well as a sufficient number of individual means of protection of the inhabitants.