What is topography in anatomy? Topographic anatomy

The term "topography" (the definition first appeared in geology) is translated from Greek as "describe the terrain". In the XIX century. Thanks to the activities of the greatest surgeon Nikolai Pirogov, this word sounded in a new way. From the field of science about the structure of the earth's surface, the term migrated to the doctrine of the physique of man, which soon gained worldwide fame. The new discipline was called "Topographic Anatomy".

Area of knowledge

What is the topography in medicine, every student of the initial course of any institute of the corresponding profile knows. This discipline is engaged in studying the location of human parts and internal organs, as well as their interaction with each other.

Topographical anatomy examines the shape and structure of the constituent parts of the organism that have undergone changes as a result of various pathologies. By collecting scientific data on their characteristic displacements as a result of unnatural conditions, it systematizes knowledge, making them applicable in therapy and surgery.

Being an applied discipline, the topography of internal organs is engaged in studying the layered structure of the regions of the human body, viewing it in different planes. Also in the field of interests of this science is:

• The process of blood circulation;
• The design of organs for the skin and their location in relation to the skeleton;
• Supply of tissues with nerve cells, as well as outflow of lymph from them in natural and pathological conditions;
• Age, sex and constitutional features of the human body.

Object of knowledge

Surgical topography conditionally distinguishes such anatomical areas:

• Head (which is a collection of such mutually functioning organs as the brain, eyes, receptors of taste and smell, ears, mouth and larynx);
• Neck (as a part, connecting the head with the body, through which pass the most important supply routes, such as the esophagus, larynx, trachea, as well as vessels and arteries);
• Trunk (actually, the body or torso, which contains the largest number of vital organs of man);
• Limbs (as isolated paired appendages in their interrelation with other parts of the body).

The more differentiated areas that make up the biological characteristics of man are also occupied by topography. A textbook on this discipline, paying great attention to the mutual arrangement of parts of the body and their influence on the surface of the body, gives a general basis for the diagnosis of diseases.

Application of scientific knowledge

The topography of the human body as a system of information about its structure and functioning plays an important applied role in medicine, giving a theoretical basis for operative surgery.

Exact knowledge of the body's layers in the direction from the surface of the skin to the depth of the tissues is necessary for any practitioner. Describing the human structure, the body topography allows him to consistently and relatively safely penetrate to areas that need surgery.

N. Pirogov believed that the cause of the absolute majority of surgical surgeons who failed by the operation lies in ignoring practical knowledge. Answering the numerous questions about what a topography is, the scientist called her "servant of a doctor". Relying only on theoretical information, which is nothing more than a collection of average statistical data, the practitioner is at great risk of meeting with surprises in the form of individual characteristics of the human body.

Methodology of knowledge

As an applied science topography (textbook which pays much attention to the course of fascial tissues) concentrates the surgeon's attention on the smallest details of the structure of the body. Deeply examining the functional features of the protective shell, covering the organs, blood vessels and nerve fibers, she notes all the existing patterns

To formulate the anatomical laws unknown to science, to search for new rational methods of production operations - all these issues are concerned with anatomical topography. The notations used in this discipline and dividing the body from side to side are partly built on the same principles as the terms used in the science of the structure of the earth's surface. To such, for example, are concepts:

• Middle and side,
• Upper and lower
• Near and far,
• right left;
• Large and small, etc.

In order to form a clear understanding of what topography is in anatomy, its enormous importance should be taken into account for the justification of such medical activities as impact on the central nervous system and PNS. Being a science about the body as a whole, it is of great value for diagnosis and, ultimately, determines all existing treatment systems.

Difference from ordinary anatomy

The first and most obvious feature of surgical topography is the approach to describing a person. While it reveals the relative location of organs in the regions, classical anatomy encapsulates them into systems: movements, breathing, circulation, etc. In addition, the science of parts of the body synthesizes knowledge. Classical anatomy, in the first place, puts analysis (both whole systems and individual organs).

The answer to what a topography is, will not be complete without taking into account the special interest that this science exhibits to changes occurring in the tissues of an organism prone to various pathologies. So, thanks to this science, it became known how much the effect of inflammatory processes on the original form and nature of the organs. Often, most difficulties in the manufacture of surgery are due precisely to the strong bias of fibers exposed to tumor processes, relative to their original position.

Topographic anatomy of the head

The border of this part of the body with the neck passes along the line of the lower jaw. Its composition includes facial and brain departments. In the latter, the base and the cranial vault are distinguished, which is the result of the articulation of the three regions.

Lobotematous occipital region consists of:

• A solid shell of the brain;
• Bones;
• Periosteum;
• Loose connective tissue;
• A tendon helmet;
• Fatty tissue;
• Skin integument.

Features of the structure of the central nervous system, the collection and systematization of data on the mutual functioning of its components is engaged in the topography of the brain. In the substance filling the skull, its general relief, as well as the hemisphere, is distinguished. The subject of study is also its internal structure. Particularly considered the lower part of the brain and each of the departments.

On the surface of the hemispheres, explore the furrows and elevations that lie between them. Great importance is given to the pattern of the gyri. Furrows divide the hemisphere into 6 parts.

The structure of the jaw

As a scientific knowledge, the topography of teeth is a complex of information about the principles of the structure and functioning of bone formations in the mouth. She also synthesizes data on the device of the jaw as a whole in its interconnection with the human oral cavity. Possession of this information is necessary for the preparation of teeth and jaw for medical purposes: filling, cleansing of the root canals and cavities, removal and correction of bone formations.

In the structure of the tooth, its parts are distinguished:

• Crown (formed by four walls and is a triangular, somewhat slit in the direction of the sky slit);
• neck;
• Root (located in a separate bone cell and in its structure has a specialized strong connective tissue covered with softer cement).

In the middle of the bone formation there is a cavity tapering to the apex. Inside it there is a flesh of the tooth, called a pulp and responsible for feeding the tooth. It articulates with other tissues and fibers of nerves and vessels collected in a bundle.

Topographic anatomy of the eye

In its structure and length of the list of composite elements, this organ is considered to be the most complicated (after the brain). The eyeball, despite its relatively small size, contains an enormous number of very diverse systems that perform a wide range of functions. Thus, the optical-biological contains more than 2.5 million elements that allow processing and supplying to the brain huge layers of information in less than a hundredth of a second.

The device of the eye from the mechanical point of view partly resembles a photographic device. It is for this reason that the term "optical topography" is often used in anatomy, which is more correctly used in engineering sciences. It is also applicable to the appropriate diagnostic technique.

The role of the lens in this sense organ is played by the combination of the cornea, the pupil and the lens. The latter, due to its ability to vary the angle of curvature, works like a focus, adjusting the clarity of the image.

Topography of the neck

In addition to the skin, the list of parts of the organ that connects the head to the body includes:

• Bundles of muscle fibers;
• "Covering" connective shell (fascia);
• So-called. "Cervical triangles" (spaces enclosed in muscle bundles);
• Part of the spinal column (consists of seven bones with low bodies).

In topographic anatomy, the neck is conventionally divided by a vertical median line. From above it passes through the body of the hyoid bone, and from the bottom ends in the deepening of the upper part of the sternum. In each of the halves, two types of triangles are distinguished : medial and lateral.

The first is divided into three small ones:

• Submaxillary (limited posterior to the dorsal muscle);
• Sleepy (includes internal and external arteries);
• Scapula-tracheal.

The lateral border on the tip of the trapezoid, as well as the collarbone, and includes two triangles. In the first there are:

• Bundles and branches of the brachial and cervical plexuses;
• Subclavian artery (with all its components).

Structure of the nervous system

The main function performed by this complex organization of special fibers is to read the external environment and transmit the appropriate response to the CNS departments.

Its structure is extremely complex. To the central system, the topography of the nerves includes the brain and spinal cord. The special fibers that escape from them are combined into a peripheral fiber. Its function is to connect the central nervous system with muscle tissue, glands and sensory organs.

Through the converter in the form of special cells (receptors), all the manifestations of the external environment that are accessible to man (in the form of color, taste, smell, etc.) pass through. They are translated into the language of impulses, which are perceived by nerve fibers as changes in the electrical or chemical order.

Further stimuli along the peripheral neural network are delivered to the departments of the central nervous system, where they are read and evoke a response in the form of a series of commands, which are sent in the same way to the performing organs (muscles and glands).

Topography of the trunk

The most complex and voluminous section in the science of the arrangement of organs and other structural elements of a person is the description of the body except for its limbs, neck and head.

The upper part of the trunk, which has its borders along the edge of the jugular notch and clavicles, includes a chest wall and a cavity enclosed in a protective shell. The fascia lining, including, and the unpaired muscle, which separates the given area of the body from the abdominal. Its backbone is the chest, which is a joint of the sternum, 12 paired bones and parts of the spine.

The complex of organs and anatomical formations of the trunk in this area is called mediastinum, which in domestic surgery is divided into upper and lower divisions.

The space below is called the abdominal cavity. In its composition, the following parts are distinguished:

• Upper (it's the same diaphragm);
• External;
• Lateral (belted fibers of broad muscles);
• Back (chain of bones of the spinal column);
• Lower (the components of the ileum and the diaphragm of the pelvis).

Anatomy of the organs of motion

In the region of the upper extremities, the topology distinguishes:

• Bones of the skeleton (clavicle, scapula, shoulder, ray, elbow, etc.);
• Muscle fibers (shoulder girdle, shoulder, forearm, brushes);
• Skin integument.

Diversity in the movements of the hands of man is due to the specific structure of the joints and a special method of connecting them with the muscles. A huge role in this is also played by the nature of the articulation of the skeleton of the shoulder girdle with the trunk. Muscles form several layers, ranging from superficial to deeper.

The skeleton of the supporting limbs includes the pelvic bones and the free part: (paired femoral, patella, crural bones and feet). The pelvic bone forms a belt of the lower limb and consists of the pubic, iliac and ischial. In conjunction with the sacrum and coccyx, they are the bone base of the pelvis.

Conclusion

Topographic anatomy performs a number of especially important tasks, including the description of the exact location of organs, both in the natural and in the pathological states. Information, which is the fruit of this science, is widely used in the diagnosis of diseases, therapy, and most importantly - in surgery.