What is dialogue and monologue in Russian?

This article answers the question: "What is dialogue and monologue?". It presents the characteristics of these two forms of speech, definitions, varieties of each of them, punctuation and other features are given. We hope that our article will help you to understand as much as possible the differences between them, to learn something new for yourself.

Dialogue: Definition

Dialogue is a form of speech that is a conversation between two or more persons, which consists of exchanging remarks between them. The main unit of dialogue is called a dialogic unity - it is a thematic (semantic) unification into one several separate replicas, which is the exchange of statements, opinions, each of the following is connected with the previous one and depends on it.

The existence of a dialogical unity is explained by the connection of heterogeneous replicas (addition, distribution, narration, consent-disagreement, question-answer, formulas of speech etiquette).

Sometimes it can also exist thanks to statements that are a response not to the previous replica of the interlocutor, but in general to the situation of speech, in which the participant of the conversation asks a counter-question:

- What is dialogue and monologue in your opinion?

- And how do you think?

The nature of the statements can depend on a variety of factors: first of all, on the personalities of the participants in the dialogue with their speech tactics and strategy, on their speech culture, the factor of having a "potential listener" (who does not take part in the conversation, although he is with him), the degree of the official Situation in which communication takes place.

Types of interaction

The peculiarities of the replicas are influenced by the code of interrelations of the participants in the conversation, i.e. Their type of interaction. There are three main types of this type: cooperation, dependence and equality. From the degree of the official nature of the environment depends on the control of those who talk behind their speech and the observance of language requirements and norms.

Dialog Structure

Dialogue on the Russian language always has a certain structure, in most types it remains the same: first comes the beginning, then the main part, and in conclusion - the ending. The source may be one of the many formulas of speech etiquette (Hello, Vasily Vladimirovich!) Or the first interrogative replica (What time is it?), As well as a replica-judgment (Wonderful weather today!).

It should be noted that the length of a dialogue can theoretically be infinite, because its lower bound can remain open. Almost every dialogue on the Russian language can be continued at the expense of increasing the dialogical unity of which it consists. However, in practice, the dialogical speech has an ending (a phrase of speech etiquette (Goodbye!), A replica-consent (Undoubtedly!) Or a replica-response).

Features of the dialogue

Dialogue is a natural form of communication that is primary. Therefore, in colloquial speech, this form has become most widespread. But the dialogue (the definition of which was given above) is also present in journalistic, scientific and official speech.

As a primary form of communication, it is a spontaneous, unprepared form of speech interaction. This applies primarily to colloquial speech, in which the subject of dialogue in the course of its development can change under the influence of arbitrary factors. However, in the publicistic, scientific and official-business speech, with some preliminary preparation of replicas (primarily questions), the development and construction of a dialogue (Russian and other languages of the world in this regard) will be spontaneous, since in the overwhelming majority of cases the interlocutor's reactions will Unpredictable and unknown.

The most pronounced in this form of speech is the principle called "the universal principle of saving the means of verbal expression." This means that its participants in one or another situation use the very minimum of verbal, that is, verbal means, filling a lack of verbal expression at the expense of various non-verbal means of communication. Such non-verbal forms include facial expressions, intonation, gestures, and body movements.

Conditions for dialogue

To create a dialogue, on the one hand, we need an initial general database of information that participants will share, and on the other, it is necessary that there is a minimal difference in the knowledge of participants in this speech interaction. Otherwise, they will not be able to communicate to each other information about the relevant subject of speech, and therefore, the dialogue will be unproductive. That is, uninformativity negatively affects the productivity of this form of speech. Such a factor can appear not only with low speech competence of the participants in the conversation, but also in the absence of a desire to start a dialogue or develop it.

Dialogue, in which there is only one form of speech etiquette, called etiquette forms, has a formal meaning, in other words, it is not informative. Participants have no need or desire to receive information, but the dialogue itself is formally accepted in some situations (for example, when meeting in public places):

- Hi!

- Hi!

- How are you?

- Well thank you. And you have?

- It's okay, I'm working quietly.

- Well, for now, happily!

- Till!

An indispensable condition for a dialogue aimed at obtaining new information is the need for communication. This factor arises from the potential gap in the possession of information and knowledge among its participants.

Types of Dialogues

On the tasks and goals, the roles of interlocutors and the situation of communication, the following types of dialogues are distinguished: business conversation, household dialogue and interview.

Distinctive features of everyday dialogue - a possible deviation from the topic, unplanned, lack of goals and the need for any solution, a variety of topics of discussion, personal expression, widespread use of non-verbal (non-verbal) means and communication techniques, conversational style.

Business conversation is communication mainly between two participants in a conversation, which therefore has a largely interpersonal character. At the same time, various methods and methods of verbal and non-verbal interaction between participants are applied to each other. Business conversation, although it always has a certain subject, is more personally oriented (in contrast, for example, to business negotiations) and occurs mainly between representatives of the same firm.

Interview - communication of a representative of the press with someone whose identity has a public interest. Its distinctive feature is its bi-address, that is, the interviewer (the interviewer), when addressing the addressee directly, builds a special drama of the conversation, counting primarily on the peculiarities of its perception by future readers.

Punctuation in dialog

Spelling of dialogues in Russian is a very simple topic. If the speaker replicas begin with a new paragraph, a dash is written before each of them, for example:

- What is dialogue and monologue?

- These are two forms of speech.

- And how do they differ from each other?

- Number of participants.

If the replicas go selection without indicating the identity of a person, each of them is formatted in quotes and separated from the next with a dash. For example: "What is dialogue and monologue?" - "Forms of speech." - "Thanks for the help!".

In the event that after the statement follows the words of the author, before the next one the dash is omitted: "How are you?" Asked Maria Petrovna. "Nothing, quietly," - answered Igor Olegovich.

Knowing these simple rules and applying them in practice, you can always competently create a dialogue.

Monologue: Definition

The monologue has a relative length in time (it consists of different parts in volume, which are related in meaning and structure of the utterance), and also differs in the variety and richness of the vocabulary. The themes of monologue that can change spontaneously during its development are very different.

Types of monologue

It is customary to distinguish two main types of monologue.

1. Monologic speech, which is a process of purposeful, conscious communication and appeal to the listener, is mainly used orally in the form of a book speech: scientific oral (an example is a lecture or a lecture), oral public and judicial speech. The monologue in the artistic speech received the greatest development.

2. Monologue as speech alone, that is directed not to the immediate listener, but to himself. This kind of speech is called an "internal monologue." It is not designed to provoke a response from a person.

The monologue, examples of which are numerous, can be either spontaneous, unprepared (most often it is used in colloquial speech), and pre-planned, prepared.

Types of monologue by purpose

According to the goal pursued by the statement, three main types are singled out: informative speech, persuasive and motivating.

The main goal of information is the transfer of knowledge. The speaker in this case takes into account, first of all, the intellectual and cognitive abilities of perception of the text by the listeners.

A variety of information monologue are various speeches, reports, lectures, reports, reports.

Persuasive monologue is directed primarily to the emotions and feelings of the listener. The speaker first of all takes into account the susceptibility of the latter. To this variety of speech belong: solemn, congratulatory, farewell.

The motivational monologue (examples of which are very popular in our time political speeches) pursues primarily the goal of encouraging listeners to different actions. It includes: speech-protest, political speech, speech-a call to action.

Compositional monologue form

The human monologue in its structure represents a composite form, depending either on the functional-semantic or on the genre-stylistic affiliation. Varieties of genre and stylistic monologue are distinguished by the following: oratorical speech, official-business and artistic monologue in the Russian language, as well as other types. To the functional-semantic include narration, description, reasoning.

Monologues are different in terms of officiality and preparedness. For example, speaking is always a pre-planned and prepared monologue, which is invariably pronounced in an official setting. But to some extent it is an artificial form of speech, always striving to become a dialogue. Therefore, any monologue has various means of dialogization. These include, for example, rhetorical questions, appeals, question-answer forms of speech, etc. In other words, this is all that speaks about the desire of the speaker to increase the speech activity of his addressee-interlocutor, to cause his reaction.

In the monologue, the introduction differs (in which the speaker's subject is defined), the main part and the conclusion (in which the speaker sums up his speech).

Conclusion

Thus, it can be noted that a monologue and a dialogue are the two main forms of speech, differing in the number of participants participating in communication. Dialogue is the primary and natural form, as a way of exchanging opinions and thoughts among its participants, and a monologue is a detailed statement, in which only one person is the narrator. Both monologic and dialogical speech exist both verbally and in writing, although the basis of the latter is always monologic, and the dialogical one is the basis of the oral form.