How the Mongol Empire was born

In the 13th century travelers from Central Asia and India were brought in the news that a new state was being formed in the east - the Mongol Empire, which very soon came to the Russian borders.

In those days, the territory from China to Lake Baikal was inhabited by Mongolian tribes. Tatars, who lived there at first, were sworn enemies of the Mongols, but they had to reconcile themselves to the fact that the Mongols conquered them. Thus, both these tribes, Western Europe and Russia, were simply called Tatars.

From the second half of the 12th century, tribal relations began to die off among the Mongols, and with the advent of private property, separate families were formed. At that time, Rus was a more developed state than the Mongols, who roamed.

The richest among the Mongols was the one who had more cattle and horses. To do this, they needed large areas of land. The Mongols had their own leaders, who were called khans. The khans in submission were the noyons, who were the leaders of the tribes. It was they who captured the best grazing land for their cattle. Huns with noyons kept fighting squads, consisting of arats, who were simply poor tribesmen. Large khans could afford to have a selective guard, in which the nukers served.

The Mongols in those days began to emerge feudal relations, which can be called statehood. The Mongolian Empire did not build cities, and wealth was measured by the number of pastures and livestock. It was believed that the Mongols are a backward civilization. They were very warlike people. In order to grab new pastures, they thoughtlessly destroyed those to whom these pastures belonged earlier.

The Mongols put their children in the saddle from childhood, and so each of them was a wonderful rider and masterly mastered a lasso, a bow and arrows. Their horses were shaggy, short, and possessed amazing stamina.

Closer to the XIII century, the Mongolian khans began to fight for supremacy. The victorious subjugated the vanquished, and they became subjects of a stronger khan and fought on his side. And rebellious people became slaves. The Mongolian empire passed its formation by the unceasing wars of the tribes, and later by their alliances. The leaders exalted themselves with internecine wars, they could not do otherwise in those times.

In the early sixties of the 12th century, the Mongol leader Eshseia united a large number of tribes under his command. His oldest son was Temuchen, whom we all know as Genghis Khan. After a while, Yeosugay was poisoned, and his army dispersed.

The widow lived for a long time in poverty until Temuchen grew up and assembled her squad, along with whom he fought with other khans. He succeeded, having subdued several Mongolian tribes, to win for himself the throne "Hamag Mongol ulus", which means that all the Mongols had to obey only him. In these times he was a young, brave, reckless and ruthless warrior. But he knew how to retreat under certain circumstances.

It was Temuchen who carried out reforms in which a decimal system for the organization of the army was introduced. They created a personal guard with huge privileges for noyons and nukers, who were exempt from taxes. At the same time he conquered the rest of the tribes. The last conquered tribe was the great Tatars. At that time, the area of Mongolia reached 22% of the Earth's territory. In 1204-1205, Temuchen was proclaimed Genghis Khan, the great khan. It was from these times that the Mongol Empire began its existence.