What is an oil rig? Work on oil rigs

Oil (drilling) towers are structures that are part of the drilling stations. They are divided into mast and tower and are used for:

• SPO (tripping operations);
• Support (on the line basis) of the drill string while drilling;
• Placement of drill pipes extracted from the well;
• The location of the tackle system;
• Deployment of mechanisms for ACS and TSA, platforms: working, emergency evacuation and auxiliary equipment;
• Location of the top drive.

Russian oil rigs are built mainly at shipyards of Kaliningrad, Severodvinsk, Vyborg and Astrakhan. All drilling rigs are a complex complex, which is designed to drill any wells, both on land and at sea.

The first oil rigs in Russia were built in the Kuban. And one of them gave a fountain of oil, which allowed to produce more than 190 tons per day.

Types of drilling

Drilling is divided into two types: horizontal and drilling wells. Horizontal drilling is a trenchless controlled method of laying communications under the ground with the help of special drilling rigs. Drilling wells is a process of mining large and small diameters. The bottom is called the face, and the surface is the mouth.

Drilling Column

The drilling column is the main part of the construction of the oil rig. The column consists of:

• Upper and lower sub-sub of the leading pipe;
• Leading pipe;
• Protective sub-conductor of the leading pipe;
• Lock couplings;
• Pin nipple;
• Drill pipe;
• Protector;
• Sub-sub at the UBT;
• Directly by the UBT;
• The centralizer;
• Bit damper.

The drill string itself is an assembly of special drill pipes that are lowered into the well. Pipes are intended to supply mechanical and hydraulic energy directly to the bit in order to create the necessary load on it and to control the trajectory of the well.

Functions of the drilling derrick

The oil rig performs the following functions:

• Transfers the rotation between the rotor and the chisel;
• Perceives reactive moments from slaughter engines;
• Supplies the washing agent to the bottom;
• Brings the power (hydraulic) to the engine and bit;
• Presses the chisel into the rocks with the help of gravity;
• Provides replacement of the engine and bit by transporting them to the face;
• Allows to conduct special and emergency work in the well itself.

Work of the oil rig

An oil rig is designed for lowering and lifting a drill string into the well. At the same time the tower allows to support it on weight. Since the mass of such supporting elements is multitone, special equipment is used to reduce the load. A lifting equipment - one of the main components of any drilling rig.

Also, the oil rig performs a number of other works: it places the trail system, drill pipes and other equipment in the drill string. When the tower is in operation, the greatest danger is the complete or partial destruction of the tower. Most often, the main reason is insufficient supervision of the structure during operation.

Lower and lift the drilling columns several times. These operations are strictly systematic and consistent. The load on the winch is cyclic. When there is an ascent, then the power of the hook goes from the engine to the winch, while the descent - on the contrary. In order to use the maximum power, multi-speed operation modes are used. When drilling and after its completion, the candles rise strictly at the first speed.

Varieties of drilling rigs

Oil rigs are divided into different types of height, construction and load capacity. In addition to towers of mast type, the tower is also used, gathering from the top down. Before the assembly, a hoist is mounted on the base of the tower. After complete installation, it is dismantled.

Overbuildings

When installing an oil rig, it is always carried out erection near it with customary structures, such as:

• Reducer;
• Pumping shed;
• Receiving bridge (inclined or horizontal);
• Rock cleaning system;
• Warehouses for bulk materials and chemicals;
• Auxiliary facilities during drilling (transformer platforms, etc.);
• Household objects (dining room, dormitories, etc.);
• Traveling system;
• Winches;
• Tools for unscrewing and screwing BT.

Offshore oil rigs

From the drilling tower, which is on land, the sea is distinguished by the presence of water between the drilling rig and the wellhead. There are several ways to drill in water areas:

• From fixed offshore platforms;
• From gravitational offshore platforms;
• From drilling jack-up rigs;
• From drilling semisubmersible installations;
• With drilling vessels.

The oil rig in the sea is a platform, the base of which rests on the bottom, and it itself rises above the sea. After the end of the operation, the platform remains in place. Therefore, a water separating platform is provided that isolates the well from water and connects the estuary with the platform platform. Wellhead equipment is installed on SMEs.

In order to tow the platform to the well, five tugboats are used, with the participation of auxiliary vessels (escorts, tractors, etc.). The marine gravity platform is a base that is made of steel and reinforced concrete. The oil rig is built in deep bays and tugs are delivered to the desired point. It is intended for both drilling and storage and production of oil before it is shipped. Has a large weight, so additional devices to hold it in place are not required.

The self-elevating plant has good buoyancy. It is installed on the bottom by means of lifting mechanisms at an unattainable height for waves. After the end of operation, casing strings and bridges are used.

Semi-submerged installation consists of an equipped platform and pontoons connected by columns. Pontoons fill with water and immerse the platform to the required depth.

Self-elevating units have good buoyancy and a large body, which provides towing immediately with the equipment installed on them. At the established point, they are lowered to the bottom and immersed in the ground.

How to make an oil rig and what is it made of?

Drilling rigs are made from profile rolled products or spent compressor pipes. They are made up to 28 meters high, and their carrying capacity is up to 75 tons. High towers are most convenient, as the ascent and descent can be made not only by singles, but also by knees, which greatly speeds up the work.

The distance between the lower legs of the tower and the upper part is approximately 8 meters. If the well is shallow, then masts will be required. The towers and masts are mounted on a solid foundation, which is additionally strengthened additionally with the help of steel ropes anchored to the anchors.

On the towers, the crown blocks are installed, where the traveling system with the hook for lifting is located. Work on oil rigs involves the installation of stairs, which are mounted for workers. They are made of metal or wood.