The main ways to solve air pollution

экологического кризиса очень активно изучаются современными учеными. Pollution of the atmosphere, sources, consequences, ways of solving the ecological crisis are being actively studied by modern scientists. At the interstate and intergovernmental levels, various normative acts aimed at improving the situation in the world are adopted. Let us further consider the effect that atmospheric pollution has on the planet . также будут описаны в статье. Sources, consequences, ways to solve problems will also be described in the article.

Relevance of the issue

The economic activity of people during the last century has caused serious pollution of the atmosphere. There are various ways of solving the ecological problem today. In the air basin, water, soil in many localities there are toxic substances, the content of which significantly exceeds the MPC (permissible norm). This, in turn, negatively affects the health of the population, the state of ecosystems.

Ecological crisis

This concept has been used very often in the last few decades. The ecological crisis can be local or global. The first is expressed in increasing the level of electromagnetic, thermal, noise, chemical pollution due to the functioning of one or several sources located close to each other. A local crisis can be overcome relatively easily through economic or administrative measures. For example, a decision is made on the need to improve the technological process, re-profiling the enterprise or its closure. The global crisis poses a great danger. This phenomenon is a consequence of the combined activity of all mankind. The global crisis is manifested by changing the characteristics of the natural environment on the entire planet. Accordingly, it is dangerous for the entire population. With a global crisis, it is much more difficult to fight than with a local one. The problem can be considered solved when minimizing pollution to a level with which the natural environment will be able to cope on its own. For this, international meetings are held at the highest level. The latter, in particular, took place in 2016 in Paris.

Negative factors

решения экологического кризиса, ученые анализируют различные объекты, виды деятельности человека. Considering the pollution of the atmosphere, the causes and ways of solving the ecological crisis, scientists analyze various objects, types of human activity. The analysis allows you to identify the most dangerous of them and develop methods that reduce or exclude their negative impact on nature. All sources of pollution are divided into two large categories. The first include natural objects and phenomena:

1. Volcanic eruptions.
2. Peat, forest fires that occur without the participation of people.
3. Emission of methane in the decomposition of organic residues.
4. Sand, dust storms.
5. Natural radiation.
6. Processes of weathering.
7. Distribution of plant pollen.

More detrimental effects on the environment are provided by:

1. Tests of nuclear weapons.
2. Work of thermal power plants.
3. Emissions of toxic gases from enterprises.
4. Work of boiler houses.
5. Decomposition of garbage and waste in landfills.
6. Fires that are caused by people.
7. Exhaust gases of vehicles.
8. Flights of jet aircraft.

Results of negative impact

As a result of ill-considered economic activities, an enormous volume of poisonous compounds, soot and heat is emitted into the upper layers of the air envelope. This leads to depletion of the ozone layer and the appearance of holes in it. Radiation is actively passing through them. The temperature on the planet is constantly rising. This leads to the melting of glaciers, an increase in the volume of water in the world's oceans. As the temperature rises, the habitats of many animals begin to disappear.

Negative effect on health

Recently, industrial-urban pollution of the atmosphere has been particularly active . экологического кризиса локального характера необходимо активно искать в рамках межведомственного взаимодействия. Ways to resolve the environmental crisis of a local nature must be actively sought within the framework of interdepartmental interaction. Procrastination in this matter is unacceptable, since we are talking about the health of people and their environment. According to statistics, an average of one day breathes up to 20 thousand liters of air. Thus, together with oxygen, particles of ash and soot, as well as poisonous vapors, enter the body. All this settles in the lungs, gradually poisoning the person. Long exposure to smog worsens well-being, leads to headaches, nausea, irritation of mucous membranes. People develop cardiovascular diseases, pathologies of other internal organs. In the absence of adequate measures, the active action of toxic agents can lead to death. Depletion of the ozone layer creates conditions for irradiation of the planet. Ultraviolet begins to act more strongly on humans and animals. Negative radiative forcing reduces immunity, provokes the development of serious diseases, including cancer of the mucous membranes and skin, cataracts, etc.

Greenhouse effect

It is the result of deforestation and destruction of the ozone layer. Holes present in the upper air layers begin to transmit more radiation, lower layers of the atmosphere warm up, and then the surface of the Earth. The heat coming from the planet does not rise. The reason why it does not return is to accumulate greenhouse gases in the lower layers, making them too dense. The greenhouse effect leads to another serious problem - warming. In connection with the delay of radiation, the surface of the Earth begins to increase temperature. This, as was said above, provokes the melting of glaciers and other problems. Scientists already observe the flooding of a number of coastal zones. If you do not stop the greenhouse effect, many animals, plants and people can die.

Acid rain

This phenomenon is a consequence of the release of harmful compounds into the atmosphere in a large volume. Acid in the air form oxides of hydrogen chloride, sulfur, nitrogen, interacting with water vapor. Precipitation containing it leads to serious negative consequences. In particular, brick and concrete structures, pipes, external facades, roofs are exposed to destruction. For several decades, acid rains have damaged a variety of cultural and historical monuments. Such deposits destroy metal, glass, and rubber. Cars that fall under acid rain, as a rule, become unusable. The soil cover is seriously affected. The acidity of the soil increases, fertility declines. Acid rain devastates plots with green plantations, causing huge losses to the agricultural sector. The selective harvest dies, the trees begin to rot. Poisoned grass enters the animal feed, resulting in severe diseases that often lead to death. Acid rain causes ecosystems to die.

Smog

They are usually called strong air pollution in large metropolitan areas. In windless weather, the upper layers become hotter. Because of this, gases rising from the earth can not reach the upper layers and settle, forming a caustic shroud. Under the influence of light in the smog begin to form unstable, but very toxic compounds.

Photochemical fog

It is presented as a multicomponent mixture of primary and secondary aerosol particles and gases. In the photochemical fog there are oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, various organic substances of peroxide nature. In a complex they are called photocatalysts. Such fog appears due to chemical reactions in the presence of a number of conditions. The high concentration of hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxide, other substances, intensive radiation, windlessness or weak air exchange within the surface layer as a result of powerful inversion during a day is the determining factor.

Atmospheric pollution: ways to solve the problem

As can be seen from the above, the environmental crisis requires immediate action. At the same time, it must be said that every person should be included in the implementation of measures to reduce the harmful impact of human activities. – дело абсолютно всех людей. Find ways to solve the pollution of the atmosphere - it's absolutely all people. A special role, of course, belongs to scientists. They, analyzing the situation, find the most rational and effective options for reducing the negative impact of emissions. е пути решения проблемы загрязнения воздуха : At present the following main ways of solving the air pollution problem are developed:

1. Absorption method. It involves the installation of filters from limestone, activated carbon, ammonia. All these compounds have the ability to absorb harmful gases. This method is considered one of the most common, due to its simplicity and high quality of cleaning. The disadvantage of the absorption (absorption) method is that the filtering units are large and take up a lot of space. Difficulties are also associated with the need for periodic replacement of the cleaning liquid.
2. Oxidative method. This method involves "burning out" harmful impurities. However, it releases carbon dioxide.
3. The catalytic method. It allows the passage of toxic gases and vapors through solid catalysts, contributing to the acceleration of their separation. This method is quite effective, but it requires considerable financial and energy costs.
4. Mechanical method. Today it is used quite seldom. The mechanical method involves the direction of toxic gases in special turbines. The screws that are present there create vortices, due to which the process of collecting toxic compounds takes place. It is worth saying that this method requires a lot of energy costs. The process of filtration is also complicated by the need for constant maintenance of plants. At the same time, the cleaning efficiency is rather small.
5. Electro-fire method. This method is considered the newest and for today the most effective. The gas is sent to the vessels, and then passed through an electrified flame. However, this method has a significant drawback. In practice it is quite difficult.

говоря, - меры, направленные на снижение опасных выбросов. Ways to address atmospheric pollution, briefly , are measures aimed at reducing hazardous emissions. When developing these or other measures, it is necessary to take into account the economic component. Pollution control methods should be as efficient and cost-effective as possible.

Comprehensive measures

. At present, scientists suggest combining the main ways of solving the problem of atmospheric pollution . For example, in many enterprises, filtration plants of different types operate. Some install filters, others use special lead-free additives, catalytic converters. As a result, gases pass through several stages of purification. Considering the main ways of solving atmospheric pollution, we can not say about new developments in the field of automotive industry. As you know, transportation is considered one of the main suppliers of poisonous substances into the air. Today, new models are available, equipped with exhaust filtration systems. In a number of countries, public transport operates exclusively on electricity and biofuel.

Organizational arrangements

Recently, at the governmental level, a question has been raised concerning the arrangement of large megacities. Discussed are activities aimed at separating airports, highways, enterprises, factories from residential development. The border between these zones will be a forest belt. It will become a natural filter and an oxygen generator. , ученые и чиновники обращают внимание на систему обработки мусора. Developing ways to solve the pollution of the atmosphere , scientists and officials pay attention to the garbage processing system. The majority supports the need for its reform. The options under which the landfill area could be reduced are discussed. To do this, it is necessary to manufacture the secondary processing of raw materials.

Additionally

, ученые рекомендуют отказаться в сельскохозяйственной деятельности от использования химикатов. Offering ways to solve the pollution of the atmosphere , scientists recommend to give up agricultural activities from the use of chemicals. They poison not only the soil itself, but also the air. One of the key tasks of modern mankind is the preservation of the forest. In this regard, at the governmental level, laws are adopted that regulate clearing, use of natural landscapes by the population. . These are today the main ways to solve the pollution of the atmosphere .