Tesla transformer scheme. Transformer Tesla - the principle of work

Transformer Tesla (the principle of the device will be considered further) was patented in 1896, on September 22. The device was presented as a device producing electric currents of high potential and frequency. The device was invented by Nikola Tesla and named by his name. Let us further consider this apparatus in more detail.

Transformer Tesla: the principle of operation

The essence of the device can be explained by the example of all known swings. When they are swinging under conditions of forced oscillations, the amplitude that will be maximum will become proportional to the applied force. When rocking in free mode, the maximum amplitude with the same effort will increase manyfold. This is the essence of Tesla's transformer. As a swing in the apparatus, an oscillatory secondary circuit is used. The generator plays the role of the applied effort. If they are consistent (pushing in strictly necessary periods of time), a master oscillator or primary circuit is provided (in accordance with the device).

Description

A simple Tesla transformer includes two coils. One is primary, the other secondary. Also, the Tesla resonant transformer consists of a toroid (not always used), a capacitor, an arrester. The last - the chopper - occurs in the English version of Spark Gap. Transformer Tesla also contains an "output" - terminal.

Coils

The primary contains, as a rule, a wire of large diameter or a copper tube with several turns. The secondary coil has a smaller cable. Its coils - about 1000. Primary coil can have a flat (horizontal), conical or cylindrical (vertical) shape. Here, unlike a conventional transformer, there is no ferromagnetic core. Due to this, mutual induction between the coils significantly decreases. Together with the capacitor, the primary element forms an oscillatory circuit. The arrester is included in it - a nonlinear element.

The secondary coil also forms an oscillatory circuit. As the capacitor, the toroidal and intrinsic coil (inter-turn) capacitors act. The secondary winding is often covered with a layer of varnish or epoxy resin. This is done to avoid electrical breakdown.

Arrester

The Tesla transformer circuit includes two massive electrodes. These elements must be resistant to large currents flowing through the electric arc . It is mandatory to have an adjustable gap and good cooling.

Terminal

In a Tesla resonant transformer, this element can be installed in different versions. A terminal may be a sphere, a sharpened pin or a disk. It is intended to produce sparked, predictable discharges with a long length. Thus, two coupled oscillatory circuits form a Tesla transformer.

Energy from the ether is one of the purposes of the functioning of the apparatus. The inventor of the device sought to achieve a wave number of Z of 377 ohms. He manufactured coils of a larger size. Normal (full) operation of the Tesla transformer is provided when both circuits are tuned to one frequency. As a rule, during the adjustment process, the primary is tuned to the secondary one. This is achieved by changing the capacitance of the capacitor. The number of turns in the primary winding also changes until the maximum voltage appears at the output.

In the future, it is planned to create an uncomplicated Tesla transformer. Energy from the ether will work for humanity in full.

Act

The transformer Tesla functions in a pulsed mode. The first phase is the capacitor charge to the breakdown voltage of the discharge element. The second is the generation of high-frequency oscillations in the primary circuit. A parallel-connected surge arrester closes the transformer (power supply), excluding it from the circuit. Otherwise, he will make certain losses. This, in turn, will reduce the Q-factor of the primary circuit. As practice shows, this effect significantly reduces the length of the discharge. In this connection, in a correctly constructed circuit, the arrester is always placed parallel to the source.

Charge

It is produced by an external high voltage source based on a low-frequency step-up transformer. The capacitance capacitance is chosen so that it forms together with the inductor a certain contour. The frequency of its resonance should be equal to the high-voltage circuit.

In practice, everything is somewhat different. When the Tesla transformer is being calculated, the energy that goes into the pumping of the second circuit is not taken into account. The charge voltage is limited by the breakdown voltage of the arrester. It (if the element is airy) can be adjusted. The breakdown voltage is corrected by changing the shape or distance between the electrodes. As a rule, the indicator is in the range of 2-20 kV. The sign of the voltage should not be too "short-circuited" the capacitor, on which a permanent change of sign occurs.

Generation

After the breakdown voltage between the electrodes is reached, an electric avalanche breakdown of the gas is formed in the spark gap. The condenser is discharged to the coil. After this, the breakdown voltage is sharply reduced in connection with the remaining ions in the gas (charge carriers). As a consequence, the circuit of the oscillation circuit, consisting of the condenser and the primary coil, remains closed through the spark gap. It produces high-frequency oscillations. They are gradually damped, mainly due to losses in the spark gap, and also to the secondary coil of electromagnetic energy. Nevertheless, the oscillations continue, as long as the current creates a sufficient number of charge carriers to maintain a significantly lower breakdown voltage in the spark gap than the amplitude of the oscillations of the LC circuit. A secondary resonance appears in the secondary circuit. This leads to a high voltage on the terminal.

Modifications

Regardless of the type of Tesla transformer circuit, the secondary and primary circuits remain unchanged. Nevertheless, one of the components of the main element can be of different design. In particular, we are talking about a generator of high-frequency oscillations. For example, in the SGTC modification, this element is executed on a spark gap.

RSG

The high power Tesla transformer includes a more complicated design of the arrester. In particular, this concerns the RSG model. The abbreviation stands for Rotary Spark Gap. It can be translated as follows: rotating / rotary spark or static gap with arc extinguishing (additional) devices. In this case, the frequency of the operation of the gap is selected synchronously with the frequency of the capacitor charge. The design of the spark gap includes a motor (usually an electric rotor), a disk (rotating) with electrodes. The latter either close, or approach the response components for closure.

The choice of the location of the contacts and the speed of rotation of the shaft is based on the necessary frequency of the oscillation packets. In accordance with the type of engine management, spark gaps are distinguished asynchronous and synchronous. Also, the use of a spark rotating gap significantly reduces the likelihood of a parasitic arc between the electrodes.

In some cases, a conventional arrester is replaced by a multi-stage. For cooling, this component is sometimes placed in gaseous or liquid dielectrics (in oil, for example). As a typical method for suppressing the arc of a statistical discharger, purge the electrodes using a powerful air jet. In a number of cases, the Tesla transformer of the classical construction is supplemented by a second arrester. The task of this element is to ensure protection of the low-voltage (supply) zone from high-voltage emissions.

Lamp coil

In the modification of VTTC use electronic lamps. They play the role of oscillator of HF. As a rule, these are sufficiently powerful lamps of the GU-81 type. But sometimes you can find and low-power designs. One of the features in this case is the lack of the need for high voltage. To get relatively small bits, you need about 300-600 V. In addition, VTTC almost does not emit any noise that appears when the Tesla transformer functions on a spark gap. With the development of electronics, it became possible to greatly simplify and reduce the size of the device. Instead of the construction on the lamps, a transformer Tesla on transistors was used. Usually a bipolar element of the appropriate power and current is used.

How to make a transformer Tesla?

As was said above, a bipolar element is used to simplify the design. Undoubtedly, it's much better to use a field effect transistor. But with bipolar it is easier to work for those who are not experienced enough in assembling generators. The winding of the coils of communication and the collector is carried out by a wire of 0.5-0.8 millimeters. On the high-voltage part the wire is taken 0.15-0.3 mm thick. About 1000 turns are made. A "spiral" is placed on the "hot" end of the winding. Power can be taken from a transformer of 10 V, 1 A. When using power from 24 V and more, the length of the corona discharge increases significantly . For the generator it is possible to use a transistor KT805IM.

Application of the device

The output can receive a voltage of several million volts. It can create impressive discharges in the air. The latter, in turn, can have a length of many meters. These phenomena are very attractive to many people. Lovers transformer Tesla used for decorative purposes.

The inventor himself used a device for the propagation and generation of oscillations, which are aimed at wireless control of devices at a distance (radio control), data transmission and energy. In the early twentieth century, the coil Tesla was used in medicine. Patients were treated with high-frequency weak currents. They, leaking through the thin surface layer of the skin, did not harm internal organs. In this case, the currents had a healthy and tonic effect on the body. In addition, the transformer is used for igniting gas-discharge lamps and when searching for leaks in vacuum systems. However, in our time the main use of the device should be considered cognitive-aesthetic.

Effects

They are associated with the formation of various kinds of gas discharges during the operation of the device. Many people collect Tesla transformers to be able to watch exciting effects. In total, the apparatus produces discharges of four types. Often you can observe how the discharges not only move away from the coil, but also are directed from grounded objects to its side. Corona glows can also appear on them. It is noteworthy that some chemical compounds (ionic) when applied to the terminal can change the color of the discharge. For example, sodium ions make spark orange, and boric ions - green.

Streamers

These are dimly luminous branched thin channels. They contain ionized gas atoms and free electrons that are split off from them. These discharges flow from the coil terminal or from the sharpest parts directly into the air. In its essence, the streamer can be considered as the visible ionization of air (ion emission), which is created by the BB field at the transformer.

Arc discharge

It is formed quite often. For example, if the transformer has sufficient power, an arc can be formed when a grounded object is brought to the terminal. In some cases, the object must be touched to the exit, and then the distance is extended and the arc is stretched. With insufficient reliability and power of the coil, such a discharge can damage components.

Spark

This spark charge goes from the sharp parts or from the terminal directly to the ground (grounded object). Spark is represented in the form of rapidly changing or disappearing bright threadlike strips branched strongly and often. There is also a special type of spark discharge. It is called sliding.

Corona discharge

This is the glow of ions contained in the air. It occurs in a highly stressed electric field. As a result, a bluish glow that is pleasant to the eye near the BB components of the structure with significant curvature of the surface is created.

Features

In the process of functioning of the transformer, you can hear a characteristic electric crackle. This phenomenon is due to a process in which streamers are converted into spark channels. It is accompanied by a sharp increase in the amount of energy and current. There is a rapid expansion of each channel and an abrupt increase in pressure in them. As a result, shock waves form at the boundaries. Their totality from the expanding channels forms a sound that is perceived as a crack.

Effects on humans

Like the other source of such a high voltage, the Tesla coil can be deadly. But there is a different opinion regarding some types of apparatus. Since high-frequency high-voltage has a skin effect, and the current is significantly behind the phase voltage and the current is very small, despite the potential, discharge into the human body can not provoke either cardiac arrest or other serious disorders in the body.