Anatomy of the orbit: structure, functions

Such a complex feeling, like vision, has a peculiar structure. The eye consists of a vitreous, watery, and crystalline lens. And what is stored this body, we will consider further.

Anatomy of the eye

The orbital sphere in the orbit is the paired part of the skull, which contains the eye organ. The cavity of the eye socket forms a model of a broken pyramid with its four walls. The anatomy of the orbit keeps an eyeball with a circulatory system, nerve endings, a fatty layer and a lacrimal gland. From the front part, the eye socket has a large hole, which is the basis of the wrong pyramid, bordered by the bone of the orbital margin.

In the structure of the eye socket there is the widest entrance, gradually tapering towards the center. Also, there are axes that run along and across one of the orbits. Their optic nerves are connected in the middle of the eye. The walls of the orbit border on the nasal cavity. And with the front part of the forehead are joined the bones forming the eye socket. Along the edges they are adjacent to the temporal fossa.

The structure of the eye socket looks like a square with rounded edges. Above the orbit cavity extends the supraorbital nerve, which connects the frontal bone and the procession of the cheekbone. From the inside, the entrance to the opening of the skull is covered by the medial edge formed by the frontal bone of the nose and the skeleton of the maxilla. At the bottom of the path into the orbit passes the infraorbital nerve, connecting with the upper jaw and the malar portion. The lateral edge of the orbit is framed by the zygomatic part.

Full image of the eye sockets

The facial skull consists of a series of holes. One of which is the eye sockets. Its walls are very fragile.

Top of the wall

It consists of the orbital plane of the frontal bone and a small portion of the sphenoid bone. This bone separates the orbital walls from the intracranial fossa and brain of the head. And on the outside, the upper wall borders on the temporal cavity.

Bottom wall

It connects with the face of the upper jaw. This wall also borders on the malar bone. The lower wall is above the maxillary sinus, which should be known for medical purposes.

Medial wall

It connects with the upper jaw and with a trellis insert . The medial wall is very thin. It has openings for passage of nerve endings and vessels. This factor explains the occurrence of pathological processes through this lattice in the eye and back.

Lateral wall

It is formed from the orbital cavity of the sphenoid bone and part of the skull skulls, as well as the frontal bone. The lateral wall separates the edges of the eye from the temporal part.

At the very opening for the eye there are many cracks and strokes with which the orbit connects with other facial skull formations:

1. the visual channel of the nerve end;

2. lower lacrimal fissure;

3. the upper slit of the eye;

4. the zygomatic opening;

5. nasolacrimal passage;

6. Lattice cells.

The structure of the eye socket will give us a detailed answer to all questions about the location of the eye.

Inside the orbit, along the edges of the lateral and upper walls, there is a gap, which on one side is closed by a wedge-shaped bone, and on the other by its wing. It unites the orbital aperture with the median fossa of the facial skull. The motor eye nerves slip through the upper orbital entrance. The collection of such important nerve endings in the outskirts of the ophthalmic entrance explains the formation of such symptoms, in which the lesion can be damaged by the syndrome of the "orbital fissure".

The medial wall consists of a lacrimal cavity of the skull, latticed cells and part of the skull of the sphenoid bone. In front there is a teardrop path, which follows the tear sack. In it there is a pit that rests against the nasolacrimal tap.

Two slits run from the top of the medial wall. The first is the latticed entrance, located at the initial edge of the frontal suture, and the second gap extends along the last edge of the frontal sulcus. The anatomy of the orbit seems to be a very complex choice of viewing angles. A full view of the facial skull from the inside will help us cut it across and along.

Structure of the eye socket

1. Cheek bone segment of the forehead.

2. The wide part of the sphenoid bone.

3. Cavity of the cheek surface.

4. Frontal process.

5. The main orbital output.

6. Skull and facial plexus.

7. Part of the cheekbones of the skull.

8. The infraorbital path.

9. Part of the upper jaw.

10. The glabrous cleft.

11. Nasal passage.

12. Palatine segment of the skull.

13. Part of the lacrimal groove.

14. The glabellar band of the trellised link.

15. Lacrimal path along the skull.

16. Back tear febrinum.

17. Maxillary frontal segment.

18. The first latticed window.

19. The last latticed window.

20. Supraorbital cleft.

21. The visual passage.

22. A small wing of the wedge-shaped surface of the skull.

23. The ornate opening from above.

In ordinary adults, the volume of the orbit is approximately 30 ml, the eye - 6.5 ml.

Anatomy of the orbit

Sphere orbit of the eye socket - two cavities in the form of a pyramid, which have a base, four walls and a top. The base, which is located inside the skull, is formed by four corners. The bones forming the eye socket are connected to the extreme angle of the frontal bone, and the angle from below is connected with the maxillary bone. The medial margin borders on the frontal, lacrimal and maxillary bone. The lateral corner joins with the jaw.

The apex of the orbit passes at the medial angle of the orbital aperture from above and smoothly passes into the channel of the nerve end of the eye.

Combining the orbital aperture with the skull

At the top of the orbit there is an impressive opening, along which the visual canal and the artery of the eye pass. In the anterior protuberances of the medial margin, there is a fossa of the lacrimal sac, which continues with a nasolacrimal canal extending into the nasal cavity.

The ornate entrance below passes through the lateral and lower edge of the orbit. Further it goes to the palate-like and temporal fossa. Along it, the lower vein of the eye passes into the upper artery. It connects to the venous plexus and passes through the nerves and artery located at the bottom of the orbit.

Through the upper opening, which goes to the middle cranial fossa, the oculomotor nerve plexuses arrive, as well as the trigeminal nerve. Immediately the upper vein of the eye flows, which is the main collector of the veins of the eyeball.

Structure of the orbit sphere

The sphere contains an eyeball with its processes, an apparatus for communication with the facial skull, vessels, nerve plexuses, muscles and lacrimal glands surrounded by a fatty layer around the edges. Ahead of the sphere of the orbit is limited to the orbital fascia, interwoven into the cartilage of the eyelids. It fuses with the periosteum in the corners of the sphere. The lacrimal sac passes in front of the orbital fascia and lies outside the cavity of the orbit. This is how the anatomy of the eye socket looks in the facial section.

Importance in medicine

At the site of the plexus of the nervously-vascular endings of the orbital fissure, when a variety of pathological processes occur on this site, the "upper glandular fissure syndrome" may occur. With such a disease, the lower eyelid can appear. Also, with this syndrome, complete immobility of the eye may appear, the pupil gradually widens.

At the site of the pathology, a sensitivity disorder is observed, and at the place of distribution of the trigeminal plexus, numbness of the nerve endings and widening of the veins of the initial eye can occur. Considering all sorts of difficulties, subsequent after the treatment or after the operation, it is necessary first to consult several physicians: neurologist, oculist, endocrinologist, therapist. It is necessary to pass all obligatory analyzes, to carry out diagnostics, tonometry, biomicroscopy. Then you can already have medical intervention.