Technical and forensic examination of documents. Conducting forensic examination of documents

Technical and forensic examination of documents is a study that is assigned to identify actual data, identify papers and their means of production. This task is achieved by using special knowledge and methods of physics, chemistry, technology and the equipment itself.

Objects of research

When technical and forensic examination of documents is assigned, the following documents are inspected:

1. Materials by which they are made.
2. Means for requisites.
3. Documentation.
4. Means for their finishing.
5. Products that are used to change the content.
6. Other items that are checked by the method in question.

Tasks

Conducting forensic examination is aimed at the solution of the following tasks:

1. Identification. In this case, the person who printed the text is recognized, the products and materials are checked, the technical means used and the parts of the documents are reproduced.
2. Classification. The object is checked for belonging to a particular group.
3. Diagnostic. This checks how and when the paper is made, whether changes have been made to it, and the original text is determined.

Together with the invention of new methods of manufacturing, methods of counterfeiting are also growing. Developed also technical and forensic examination of documents.

Study of forms

Blanks - this is a decorated and protected paper sheets with the requisites printed or otherwise.

There are requirements for government securities. And in business turnover it is customary to make them accordingly. Blanks are needed to understand the source - organization. They are made in printing houses, where each order is numbered and replicated. Forms with the emblem are made only at printing enterprises, which have received the appropriate licenses for work.

Counterfeits are different, depending on the formation of the falsifier, skills and equipment availability. For example, the text can be drawn. Then there are the deviations, the irregular intervals between the lines and letters. If high printing is performed, then there is a convex relief, a thickening of the layer, a difference in the font, and so on. Flat printing is accompanied by a deviation of the sizes of images from signs from the original form, insufficient clarity, intermittent strokes and so on.
When a forensic forensic examination is conducted, along with the documents examined, original samples with the same printed form are submitted and ordered in the same printing house under the same number. They are compared on all grounds, on the basis of which they draw conclusions.

In accordance with current legislation, printing products have the following security features:

• Unique number;
• watermark;
• Special fibers;
• Luminescence by ultraviolet;
• Special printing;
• Background grids of two colors;
• Thread protection;
• Protection from color photocopying.

To make a falsification, the original document of which is produced at a printing enterprise, is unprofitable. Therefore, imitation methods are usually used. This means obtaining effects that, when considered, resemble those used on the letterhead, but made with other technologies.

Investigation of signatures and seals of seals

The print impression is an image on paper made by a mechanical cliche application with the aim of authenticating.

Traditionally, the imitations are forged as follows:

• Drawing;
• Reproduction of caricatures carved from leather, rubber or linoleum;
• By typing letters;
• With the help of copying.

The paper is falsified, applying impressions and other means. More often, technical and forensic examination of documents reveals the use of modern technologies, which are used in the manufacture of originals. For identification, 10 to 20 impressions are provided.

The forgery of the signature is effected by a stroke or an imprint. Depending on the execution, you can see:

• Strokes from the carbon paper;
• Unusual location on the line;
• Differences in the coloring of strokes;
• Depression;
• Breaks and reduced coordination;
• Splits;
• Sub stances;
• Clots and other.

Subscription, pre-printing and erasing

Inserts in the form of additions or pre-prints are the addition of letters, words, text or some kind of signs. The main features in this case are:

• The difference in handwriting in size, slope of letters, alignment;
• Placement on the margins, edges, lines;
• Difference of ink.

Cleansing is done mechanically - by removing or scraping. The signs in this case are:

• Rumpled paper, smaller thickness, damage to the protective mesh, the disappearance of gloss;
• Traces of the strokes of the text, which was originally.

Replacement of sheets and photos

Independent forensic examination can distinguish between the replacement of one sheet or several on the following grounds:

• Different sizes of sheets;
• Traces of paper clips;
• Shade of paper.

Replacement of photos is realized by re-gluing with subsequent dyeing of the print, by gluing with its preservation, a sticker of the emulsion layer, which was taken off the impression of the original photograph. Detect falsification is possible in the absence of an imprint, the discrepancy of its parts on the photo and letterhead, the difference in density or the presence of other signs.

Establishing the initial content

The technical and forensic forensic examination is capable of restoring crossed out, filled and smeared records. The methods used in this process detect and intensify the differences in the materials with which the interference was applied. To do this, apply:

• Research photography, when the difference is seen, for example, in X-rays, in the field of currents or oblique rays;
• Copying by wet or diffuse copying,
• Color separation;
• other methods.

The issues of forensic examination may include the reproduction of faded and extinct texts, which is carried out with the help of physical, chemical and physico-chemical methods that enhance the difference between the applied strokes and the surface, luminescence analysis, the IR spectral region, and others.
Sometimes burnt documents, dried, charred and often torn, are recoverable.

Establishment of prescription for the production of a document

Experts may be faced with the question of the time of recording. In this operation, absolute and relative prescription are distinguished. At the first it is established, when the document is made, and at the second - sequence of entering of records in it.

At the same time, an independent forensic expertise determines absolute prescription by identifying unchangeable signs over time (content, document bases, etc.) and variable (the age of used pastes from ball pens, inkjet inks, etc.). As for the limitation of relative, it is known: in the office work, it is accepted first to enter the text, then to sign the document, and then seal it with a seal. If this order is violated, then we can talk about the installation. Such issues are also solved by forensic expertise. Moscow as the capital has the most relevant centers. But in other cities, if necessary, similar examinations are conducted.