Forensic examination of documents. Types of forensic examinations

In forensic practice, forensic examination of documents is often appointed. This is an effective tool for establishing the circumstances of the case. What this research represents and what kinds of species it is, we learn from the article.

Tasks

Forensic examination of documents solves a number of problems, including the following:

1. Determination of the method of manufacture.
2. Determination of the fact and method of making changes to the documentation.
3. Restoring the original content.
4. Identification of funds used in manufacturing.
5. Recreating the whole in parts.

Expert

The forensic scientist, who conducts forensic examination of documents, is one of the very first specialties in the expert field. It is still in great demand in the framework of arbitration, civil and criminal legal proceedings. Even despite the large number of graduates in universities, it continues to be relevant. Choosing this area, a person receives an unusually creative specialty, which requires higher education, exceptional experience and professional intuition.

Organization

State or non-state institution where the forensic examination of documents is conducted, has in its staff qualified specialists, all the necessary modern equipment and permits for the implementation of activities. In addition to the courts, studies are ordered by banking institutions, colleges of lawyers, enterprises and organizations of different forms of ownership, ordinary citizens.

Any, including forensic examination of documents is an extremely effective way to protect their legitimate rights and interests. Therefore, when doubts arise in their reliability, they request professional research.

Appointment

Often, for a study to be carried out, a single petition is not enough. The court refuses the procedure if it is proposed, for example, in the oral form. Therefore, this step is thoroughly prepared. In addition to the petition, they receive a document from the expert organization on its consent to carry out the examination and attach it to the papers for submission to the court. The forensic expert specifies:

• The time frame under which the study will be conducted;
• Will inform the final cost;
• Information about yourself and other experts if they are involved, work experience, education, academic degrees and titles.

Requirements

The appointment of forensic examination is carried out by the decision of the investigator or by the determination of the arbitration, district or world court. A research paper is also provided.

If extrajudicial examination is carried out, the necessary documents and grounds are:

• The request of a lawyer;
• Contract for the implementation of the study;
• A document that is subject to examination.

Objects of research

Let's enumerate the objects under investigation when the forensic examination of documents is assigned.

1. Paper, which contains any information or facts. Photographs can not be investigated in this case.
2. Materials and articles thereof, which are used for manufacturing.
3. Technical means used to create requisites on documents, as well as finishing and stitching.
4. Chemicals for changing data.
5. Subjects, to documents not related, but investigated by these methods.
6. Paper and cardboard products necessary for wrapping, sanitary-hygienic, industrial-technical, household purposes.

Requisites and records

Expert forensic examination identifies two types of research documents:

• Requisites;
• Materials.

The first ones are graphic images in the form of printed texts in a polygraphic way or on typewritten devices written by hand, signatures, stamps and prints of seals and so on. The second means the materials of the letter, the basis of the document and the auxiliary means.

If the task is to verify the details, then it includes:

• Study of handwritten text;
• The method and details of the recording;
• The fact of making changes by the method of erasure, supplementation, etching, dorisovki over and so on.

As for the records, they determine the sequence of strokes. In this case, depending on the different methods of research have features. Then the method of application is established, the type and model of the technique used, the installation, the belonging of the paper to a particular notebook, and so on.

Types of forensic examinations

There are several types of this study.

1. Handwriting examination.
2. Linguistic.
3. Authorship.
4. Technical and criminalistic.

Let's consider each of these species in brief separately.

Handwriting expertise

This is a traditional type of study to establish the facts that are associated with manuscripts. Documents here are:

• Receipts;
• Invoices;
• Instructions;
• Wills;
• Evidence;
• Statements;
• Contracts;
• Other.

A signature, a short entry or a text can be studied. Having studied the totality of signs of handwriting, they solve problems of diagnostic and identification character. In the course of the examination, it is checked whether the manuscript is specially executed in a distorted way, by changing hands, by imitation of someone else's handwriting, in an unusual position or condition, and the like.

Linguistic Expertise

The types of forensic examinations include judicial linguistic. Its subject are facts that are relevant to the case and are established in the analysis of speech.
The object of research is the products of speech activity, which are recorded in writing.

In contrast to the handwriting expertise, in this case they are estimated by the generation, the way of expression and the nature of the impact on the audience or the addressee directly. Objective evaluation here is based on the norms of the Russian language.

The study is based on linguistic analysis. Therefore, the expert must, first of all, have a philological education. In the process of examination, the following information is analyzed:

• Features of the text in terms of disclosure of authorship;
• The identification of meanings and effects through the text;
• Names of products of human activity.

Authorship expertise

The basis of this type of research is a system of knowledge about the patterns of speech behavior, which shows individuality, stability, variations in written speech. In this case, knowledge of linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics and psychology is used.

The subject of the research is the authorship, which is established. In addition to identifying the person, the specialist creates a "psychological" portrait of the author and those external influences that make up the document.

The object of research is the written speech of the text. At the same time, the style is set: publicistic, scientific, everyday, literary and so on. There are handwritten objects, obtained by the printing method or by means of a duplicating machine. It is noteworthy that authorship is determined only if there are at least 500 words in the document.

Technical and Forensic Expertise

This research is understood as those types, under which the methods of manufacture are established, forgeries are identified, group affiliation and source of origin are established.

The subject of the study are the facts under which the paper was executed, means and materials of manufacture were identified. To answer the questions of technical and forensic examination of documents, the expert should possess special knowledge in the field of physics, chemistry, technology and its forensic part.

The objects of research are handwritten and typewritten papers and their materials, writing tools, means for etching the text.

Forensic examination of the car

This type of research does not apply to documents. But it is so in demand that the examination of cars can not be ignored. There are many accidents on the roads everywhere. Autotechnical forensic examination of the car helps to identify the true cause of the accident. It is also advisable to conduct it before buying a used car. Then you can be sure that she is not stolen and does not have any numbers.