Pablo Neruda: a brief biography, poetry and creativity. GGBU Lyceum No. 1568 named after Pablo Neruda

Ilya Ehrenburg called this poet the happiest person in the whole world. With this loud statement, however, you can even agree. After all, Neruda was still considered the property of the Latin American continent. In the USSR, he was also loved. The best translators worked on his texts. Do you want to know more about it? Then read this article.

The life of Pablo Neruda is rich in external events. Neftali Ricardo Reyes was born Basutto - this is the real name of the poet - in the city of Parral, in the central part of Chile. This event occurred on July 12, 1904.

The origin of the poet

His father was a railway conductor-he accompanied trains loaded with rubble. Mother died of consumption a month after the appearance of her son. My father married a second time, and the family moved to the city of Temuco, which is somewhat to the south. There, the boy grew up. Pablo Neruda preserved grateful memories of his stepmother. He wrote that it was a kind and affectionate woman who possessed peasant humor. She constantly bothered and cared about everyone.

Education at the Lyceum

At 6 years old the child was taken to the Lyceum. Gradually Pablo Neruda was carried away by reading, he began to compose himself. The first poems published in the newspapers, while still a lyceum. It was then that a pseudonym was born - in an attempt to hide poetic lessons from his father, who saw in them the reason for his son's chronic miscarriage. The name was chosen under the influence of the minute - Pablo liked one of the stories of the Czech classic of the last century, Jan Neruda, while the boy did not understand the accent and became Neruda. Later this name was assigned to him by an official act - it was entered in the passport.

The first prize, the first collection

At the end of the Lyceum, the young man moved to Santiago and entered the Pedagogical Institute, which was located at the capital's university. Here he studied English and French. At the same time, Pablo Neruda received the first prize for a poem called "Festive Song" at a student competition. A 19-year-old Neruda became the author of a poetic collection "Collection of sunsets," the costs of which he paid for himself, selling pathetic property. Even then his poetic temperament manifests itself - Neruda recalled that he wrote 2, 3, 4 and even 5 poems a day. Basically it was landscape lyrics, student and imitative. But the still weak poetry voice did not prevent the nurturing of a great idea, which became his artistic credo. Pablo Neruda wrote that he wanted to become a poet who would embrace as much as possible in his work. He longed to merge together events, passions, nature and man, and that all this was shown in a relationship.

In the same years, Neruda participates in political activities, publishes articles on public topics in newspapers, takes part in the work of trade unions and student societies.

The post of consul, travel

After completing the full course at the institute, Neruda does not hurry to start working life. He has been trying for a long time to obtain some diplomatic position and finally in 1927 he became consul in Rangoon, the capital of Burma. This "work" (he recalls that he had to perform official duties every three months) could be called a sinecure, be it well-paid, but the usual companion of young poets - poverty - did not pass him. Then Neruda is transferred to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), he also visited China, Japan, Argentina, etc. The East enriched the world view, giving Neruda creativity that universality, one can say - the cosmic character that is typical for a mature poet.

"Residence - Earth"

Prepared from the accumulated impressions, the book wore a name reflecting these views: "Residence is Earth." It was published in 1935, when Neruda already received the seat of the Chilean consul in Madrid. Subsequently, the poet recalled this collection, which brought him fame, that his book filled with bitterness the manner of writing and the truth of life. Gabriela Mistral responded with a kindly article, she saw in the "intense expression of Neruda" features of popular vernacular. The method of the unexpectedly bold, arbitrary associativity of Nerud used in this book was retained in the future.

Political preferences and their consequences

With the outbreak of the civil war in Spain, Neruda gets involved in the political struggle on the side of the Republicans, writes the poem "Spain in the Heart". The Government of Chile regarded such behavior as incompatible with the diplomatic post and transferred him to the post of consul in Paris. By that time, the time of unsettledness was left behind, and the famous poet already buys a rich villa "Isla Negro" (Black Island) in Chile, 150 kilometers from the capital.

Neruda becomes a communist

His political sympathies are gradually transformed - in 1945 he joined the Communist Party of Chile, and since 1959 he is a member of its Central Committee. For the Hispanic, such sentiments are common. The reasons for the political and economic backwardness of their countries, they see in an unjust social system, respectively, and the solutions to urgent issues are sought only on the paths of social change. For Neruda, individualism is also unacceptable. On the Nobel Day, he said that he chose a difficult path in which he shares responsibility with people and worships the individual as the center of the universe, prefers a modest service to a large army that at times can be mistaken, but without restraint moves forward.

At the same time, he, rejecting individualism, attracts the idea of a hero. On the slope of the years Neruda recalled that the dark sides of the time of the cult of personality did not oust from his memory the image of Stalin, a man who was strict towards himself, the "titanic defender" of the revolution in Russia. From the circumstances that accompanied this "titanic defense", Neruda turned away, as from particulars that do not change the essence of the matter. So he stayed until the end.

Work in the office of senator, flight to Argentina

One of the most striking episodes in Neruda's biography relates to the post-war period. In the election campaign of 1947, he supported the candidacy of Gonzalez Videla, who did not skimp on promises. He became president of Chile, and Neruda was elected senator. However, in the worst Latin American traditions, Seen, having come to power, began mass persecution of former supporters, including Communists. In response, Neruda spoke in the Senate with a sharp speech, in which, without avoiding theatricality, he said "I blame!" As once Zola. A month later, a decision appeared on his arrest. It was necessary to go underground, and then, disguised as a driver of cattle, to flee across the mountains to Argentina. Life in exile was filled with visits to various countries, participation in world congresses of peace advocates, etc.

last years of life

In 1969 Neruda nominated for the presidential elections in Chile, but he removes it in favor of Salvador Allende. With the victory of the latter Neruda becomes the ambassador of Chile in France, where he learns of the Nobel prize. But a serious illness forces the poet to return to his homeland. He died in the capital's clinic 12 days after the bloody government coup (September 23, 1973).

Exhumation

Interestingly, almost 40 years after his death, the poet's body was subjected to exhumation. Its purpose was to find out the true reasons that led to the death of the poet. The fact is that the Nobel laureate died under very mysterious circumstances. He died 12 days after the military junta seized power in Chile. In the death certificate, it was said that the cause of her was prostate cancer. But friends testified that several hours before his death Neruda talked, moved independently, was cheerful. His death came after a shot made to him in the hospital. The analysis, conducted in 2011, confirmed the conclusion drawn up by the doctors.

Analysis of Neruda's creativity

In the postwar years, Neruda still wrote a lot. In total, he created 40 independent books that do not repeat one another. His poetry has been translated into many languages (Salvatore Quasimodo translated it into Italian), she won worldwide recognition, but he was constantly accompanied by the poet's reputation, perhaps also brilliant, but too "excessive", chaotic, disorderly. Neruda could seem too complicated, almost primitive, too prone to rhetoric and verbosity, in short, a poet who, with his undeniable virtues, does not conform to the generally accepted taste requirements in literature. This is what many of the critics of Pablo Neruda imagined.

Reviews about him, however, are not so unambiguous. Critics say that the above-described interpretation of Neruda's work is partly due to translations: the re-creation of his works in a foreign country, where other poetic forms dominate, is a task of exceptional complexity. However, even in the Hispanic world, this lyricism often caused a mixed feeling of irritation and admiration. Juan Ramon Jimenez, before the war, called Neruda nothing but "a great bad poet." Subsequently, he softened the sentence, saying that Hispanic-American poetry unrestrainedly expresses itself in his person, and she absorbed the cycle of nature, as well as the metamorphosis of death and life inherent in the very reality of this continent.

Modern Latin America is called a "continent where all ages meet." They also occur in the contradictory, unbridled and impulsive poetry of Pablo Neruda, which, as noted by literary critics, strives for epic all-embracing and suffers from earthiness, plunges into the depths of mythological thinking and is saturated with modern everyday life.

Translations of Pablo Neruda's works into Russian

It should also be noted that all translations of this poet's poems into Russian are very inaccurate, despite the fact that the best translators worked on them. The fact is that Neruda used a complicated manner of writing - without rhyme, wavy long lines, very difficult to execute. The specialists, as far as they could, smooth the poems, turned them into rhymed traditional ones. In this field, Margarita Aguiler and Ilya Ehrenburg particularly distinguished themselves. Pablo himself considered Pavel Glushko to be the best translator of his creations. However, he could be wrong. Neruda did not speak Russian.

Russia is showing increasing interest in the work of this poet. This is evidenced by the fact that in his honor are called educational and cultural institutions. An example of the other regions is Moscow.

Lyceum 1568 named after Pablo Neruda

In the capital on January 17, 2006, a lyceum was opened, named after this poet. Lyceum 1568 Pablo Neruda is a state educational institution in which in-depth training of students in the disciplines of technical and natural-science profiles is conducted. This educational institution occupies the 16th place in the rating of the schools of the capital. The lyceum of 1568 named after Pablo Neruda received the Grant of the Mayor of Moscow for the successes of his pupils (in 2011-12 and 2012-13). Most recently, in 2013, this educational institution was reorganized - it merged with schools No. 233, No. 307, No. 1237, and also with kindergartens No. 1606, No. 1880, No. 1255, No. 2145, No. 1928.

Today GGBU lyceum of 1568 named after Pablo Neruda is focused on those who want to seriously engage in natural sciences (chemistry, physics), mathematics and engineering disciplines (computer science, reading). These are the subjects of profile. They can be studied in depth by entering the Lyceum of Pablo Neruda. In profile lessons, for more effective learning, the class is divided into two or three groups. Each of them consists of 10-15 people. Pupils attending the Lyceum 1568. Pablo Neruda, sit at the desks on these subjects one at a time and therefore better learn the material being presented. In addition, to identify complex issues and to better study the disciplines, elective courses and free consultations are organized. Those who want to enroll in the Lyceum named Pablo Neruda, you must pass the entrance examinations, as well as pass an interview. At the moment the training is conducted from 5 to 11 class. Preparatory classes are opened for those who want to enter a lyceum or get more complete and serious knowledge. Pablo Neruda's school generously shares them with interested children.

However, not only the Lyceum is named in the capital by the name of this great poet. There is also the library of Pablo Neruda (No. 62). It is located at ul. Yaroslavskaya, 13, building 1 (metro station VDNH). Another library of his name is No. 187, located on Mira Avenue, 180. All this shows that in our country there is a great interest in his personality and creativity.