Natural unemployment and its forms

Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon, in which part of the active and able-bodied population does not find work and therefore becomes "superfluous".

The causes of unemployment and manifestation are different, therefore, it is customary to subdivide them into species.

In the world, it is common to consider three main types of this problem: frictional and structural (natural unemployment) and cyclical unemployment.

Under the frictional understand the temporary unemployment of people due to voluntary transition to another job, this is due to the search and expectation of a more suitable place. Most often, this situation is found among people who choose work that is appropriate for their skills and personal preferences.

The magnitude of this type of unemployment depends on the vacancies, as well as on the effectiveness and speed with which people find the job that suits them.

Structural unemployment depends on technological shifts in production, changing the structure of demand for a certain strength. Such unemployment is usually forced.

Cyclic is sometimes called unemployment of insufficient demand. It is a consequence of the reduction in aggregate demand for labor.

Intermediate between the frictional and the cyclical is seasonal unemployment. It is influenced by natural factors, and it is easily predicted.

This kind of unemployment is inherent in tourism business, agriculture, some fisheries (fishing, gathering berries, rafting, hunting), construction industry. At the same time, intensive work continues for several months or weeks a year, and the rest of the time is observed "simple".

Natural unemployment

The scientist-monetarist from America M. Friedman frictional and structural types of unemployment united in a single concept "natural unemployment". In the economy, full employment implies the existence of a situation that is sustainable for a long time. It is called normal unemployment.

Natural unemployment is a reflection of the equilibrium state in the labor market with absolute employment, in this case the number of people seeking work is equal to the number of vacancies. If the unemployment rate actually exceeds the natural one, the balance in the labor market is disrupted, there are cyclical unemployed who want to work, but who do not find a place because of a reduction in demand for workers during periods of decline in production.

Natural unemployment in most developed countries is 4-6% and its level has been growing steadily in recent years due to the high social security of citizens of these countries (increase in unemployment benefits, minimum wage growth, easing of claims to those who receive benefits). This leads to a long search for a place, an increase in demand for the proposed work.

The tendency towards an increase in the level of natural unemployment is associated with an increase in the composition of the workers' share of women and youth, as well as frequent shifts in the structure of the economy.

There is also a notion of regional unemployment, it appears in certain regions because of mass closure of enterprises.

Under covert unemployment is understood such a state when people formally work, but in reality they occupy an extra place. The substantial scale of hidden unemployment is inherent in the modern economy of Russia and Bashkortostan. This is due to the large number of defense and large town-forming enterprises. In anticipation of federal orders, defense enterprises are not restructured or closed, employees of such enterprises are not dismissed, but are listed as on administrative leave, or appear at work several times a month. In the event that the enterprise belongs to the city-forming, mass lay-offs lead to an aggravation of the social situation in the region.