Land works: types and features of implementation

The construction of buildings of different types includes several stages. The first always requires land work. This activity involves the preparation of the site, the development, excavation, trenching. Also, planning and removal of soil, landscaping are carried out. The quality of such works determines the durability of the foundation and equipped communications.

Types of jobs

During the construction work, two types of land are required:

• Under the foundation;
• For communication.

The foundation is installed on the recesses. If they have a width of 3 meters, they are called pits. When the length is greater than the width, it is a trench. The recesses of separately located foundations are called pits. Dimensions of trenches, trenches depend on the parameters of the foundation. Communications are located in trenches, the depth of which is established by the norms of SNiP.

Preparation and support work

Usually the land requires preliminary preparation. It includes clearing the territory of garbage, trees. Also dismantling of buildings and foundations. Only it is necessary to take into account that the trees are removed on the basis of the permission of ecological organizations. In addition, it is necessary to prepare access areas for equipment.

Auxiliary work (land) is in the drainage system, lowering the level of groundwater, loosening of dense soils. Then installation of the foundation walls and soil compaction is carried out.

Evaluation of works

To perform the assessment, you need to determine how many cubic meters of soil you want to move. If you establish the productivity of labor, it will be possible to choose how land works will be carried out.

Calculation of the scope of work helps to organize the process correctly due to certain factors:

• The choice of a suitable method and means of conducting work;
• Removal and distribution of soil;
• Approval of the price and duration of work.

During the design, the amount of activity will be calculated on the basis of the working drawings, and in the production - by measurements.

Methods of soil development

You can dig a foundation pit in many ways. The method of performing the work is determined by the properties of the soil, the volume, the type of construction. It also depends on hydrogeological conditions.

Earthworks can be carried out manually, as well as by mechanical means. Choose the method that allows you to accomplish everything in a short time. If the treatment area is large, a mechanized method is more often used.

Manual soil development

Manual trench digging is performed with a small amount of work, as well as in cases where you can not use special equipment. Usually this option is used for digging pits for pile foundations, as well as for communication equipment.

For hand work, shovels and potholes are used. Improves productivity due to means of small mechanization, for example, with the help of electric and pneumatic shovels, jackhammers, crowbars. Often used loosening, which allows you to perform work faster.

Ground development by mechanized method

This method is used for large amounts of work. To increase the speed of execution, apply:

• Construction excavators;
• Bulldozers;
• Graders;
• Scrapers;
• Rippers;
• Drilling equipment.

Increase productivity will be obtained with the help of auxiliary machines intended for the transportation of soil. The digging of the trench will be carried out with the help of the said means. When this work is completed, the soil is ordered.

How is work done in winter?

Land works are performed in summer and winter, only in the second case there are some difficulties. This is due to the freezing of ground, and therefore the price for services will be higher. In winter, it is undesirable to excavate excavations and trenches with a depth of less than 3 m.

The frozen soil has high mechanical strength, plastic deformation. The manifestation of these properties can be different, it all depends on the type of soil. For example, coarse, gravel, sandy include a minimum of water, and therefore do not get very cold at low temperatures. Work in this case will be the same in winter and in summer. And do not work with dusty, wet and clay soils in cold weather.

In winter, the work is carried out in three ways:

• Soil preparation;
• Cutting frozen soil into blocks;
• Soil development without preparatory work.

It is used for thawing with steam, hot water, open fire, electric current. In order not to reverse the freezing, the trench insulation is used with the help of thermal insulation materials: peat fines, sawdust, shavings.

Price list

The described works are considered labor-intensive, because they usually use special equipment and devices. In the construction of all buildings, earthwork is of utmost importance. Their cost is determined by the volume, type of soil and season.

So, the price for manual working out of a ground makes 700-800 rubles for 1 m³. Backfilling costs 350 rubles. There are companies that take payment for an hour.

Security

Many accidents occur precisely in the given construction works. To their reasons carry:

• Lack of soil fastening;
• The critical level of its production without fastening;
• Inappropriate dismantling of fasteners;
• Work of transport in the areas of collapse;
• Use of unsafe methods of work.

To ensure that excavations do not result in injuries, safety rules must be strictly observed. In this area, only proven methods of protecting the life and health of workers should be used.