How to correctly parse words by composition

The analysis of words by composition (or morphemic - from the term "morpheme", which means the minimal meaningful component of the word) is a kind of linguistic analysis. Its purpose is to determine the structural composition of the lexeme. That is, in order to make a correct analysis of a word by composition, it is necessary to find and isolate all the components from which a certain word form is constructed. Such an analysis (not to be confused with the morphological, where the word is viewed from the point of view of belonging to a certain part of speech) and is called morphemic.

The analysis of the word by composition should begin with establishing the boundaries of each morpheme, that is, it is necessary to correctly determine the prefix, root, suffix, ending, stem. But it is worth remembering that not every wordform necessarily contains all existing morphemes: for example, "school" consists of the root (-school-), the suffix (-n-) and the end (-th). But, in turn (and this is not uncommon for the modern Russian language), there are words that include several roots, prefixes or suffixes. So, "steamship" has two roots (-pair- and -cross-), one suffix (-n-) and an ending (-th). A "listener" consists of a root (-slush-) and two suffixes (-a and -tel-), but it does not have a prefix, and the ending in this word will be zero (not formally expressed in letters by letters).

So, in order to make a correct analysis of a word by composition, it is necessary to recall the definition of all the basic minimally significant units of the language. The main morpheme, which carries a lexical meaning (that is, expresses meaning) and is a common part of all the root words.

For example, as such for the next related series: "water", "watery", "submariner", "water" - will act-water. Words without roots in the Russian language does not exist. But there are a lot of people consisting only of it: "running", "cinema", "very", "horse", "house".

The morpheme, which takes its place in the word before the root, is called a prefix, and the suffix after it is a suffix. It is understandable that it is impossible to invent such a lexeme, which will contain only a prefix or just a suffix.

It is necessary to take into account the order of determining morphemes, making a morphemic analysis of the word by composition. The root, prefix and suffix of linguistic scientists are attributed to word-building morphemes. That is, to those with the help of which new words are formed in the language. In addition to derivational forms, formative ones are distinguished. They exist in order to form a number of forms within the same lexeme, as well as to express grammatical meaning. To this kind of morphemes are the ending and some suffixes.

The ending is a kind of morpheme, which forms various forms of the same word, and is also a grammatical indicator of the genus, number, case, time, etc. It can be distinguished only in the parts of speech that can be changed.

However, it is necessary to distinguish words that do not have endings, and with a zero ending. As already mentioned, it does not have those word forms that do not change - gerunds, adverbs, indeclinable nouns, adjectives, standing in comparative degree. And the zero ending is a formally not selected indicator of the grammatical meaning of the word being changed. Examples of formative suffixes can be -l-, which is used to form the past tense of verbs (go-ti + suffix -l), -e-, by which degrees of comparison are obtained for adverbs and adjectives (loud - louder).

And finally, the word has a basis - all its components without ending. Going beyond the school curriculum, you can define the basis as part of the lexeme, not only without ending, but also without form-building suffixes.

It is necessary to take into account the procedure for determining morphemes, making the analysis of the word by composition. Examples of morphemic analysis:

"forest"

1. The end is "oh"
2. The basis is "forest"
3. The root is the "forest"
4. The suffix is "n"

"employees"

1. The end is "and"
2. The basis is "employee"
3. The root is "labor"
4. The prefix is "co"
5. The suffix is "nickname"

Thus, summing up the topic "Analysis of words by composition," it should be noted that, only following a certain order: find the ending (if it exists), indicate the basis, establish where the root (by selecting the root words), select the suffix, prefix (If any), you can prevent errors.