Fet's lyrics. Features of poetry and philosophical lyrics Feta

November 23, 1820 in the village of Novoselki, located near Mtsensk, the family of Karolina Charlotte Fet and Athanasius Neophytovich Shenshin was born the great Russian poet Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet. His parents were married without an Orthodox rite abroad (the poet's mother was a Lutheran), which is why the marriage, legalized in Germany, was declared invalid in Russia.

Deprivation of the noble title

Later, when the wedding was held on the Orthodox rite, Afanasy Afanasyevich already lived under the mother's name - Fet, being considered her illegitimate child. The boy was deprived, except for his father's name, and the title of nobility, Russian citizenship and inheritance rights. For a young man for many years, the most important life goal was to regain the surname Shenshin and all the rights associated with it. Only under the old age he was able to achieve this, returning to himself a hereditary nobility.

Training

The future poet in 1838 entered the board of Professor Pogodin in Moscow, and in August of the same year he was enrolled in the verbal department at Moscow University. In the family of his classmate and friend of Apollon Grigoriev, he lived his student years. The friendship of young people contributed to the formation of their common ideals and views on art.

The first samples of the pen

Athanasius Afanasyevich begins to compose poetry, and in 1840 a published poetic collection entitled "The Lyrical Pantheon" is published. In these poems, echoes of the poetic creativity of Yevgeny Baratynsky, Vasily Zhukovsky and Ivan Kozlov were clearly heard. Since 1842, Afanasy Afanasyevich constantly printed in the journal "Notes of the Fatherland." Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky already in 1843 wrote that of all living in Moscow poets Fet "all gifted," and the poetry of this author puts on par with the works of Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov.

The need for a military career

Fet aspired to literary activity with all his heart, but the instability of the material and social situation compels the poet to change his destiny. Athanasius Afanasyevich in 1845, enters a non-commissioned officer in one of the regiments in the province of Kherson, in order to be able to obtain a hereditary nobility (the right to which gave the senior officer's rank). Isolated from the literary environment and the metropolitan life, it almost ceases to be printed, also because, due to the fall in demand for poetry, magazines do not show interest in his poems.

Tragic event in the personal life of Fet

In Kherson years, the tragic event that predetermined the personal life of the poet happened: in the fire his beloved died - Maria Lazic, a girl who was not a dowager, on which he did not dare to marry because of his poverty. After Fet's refusal, a strange incident happened to her: a dress caught on Maria's candle, she ran into the garden, but could not cope with the quenching of clothes and suffocated in the smoke. This could be suspected of the attempt of the girl to commit suicide, and in Fet's poetry the echoes of this tragedy will sound for a long time (for example, the poem "When you read the painful lines ...", 1887).

Admission to the Leyb-Guard Ulan Regiment

In 1853, there was a sharp turn in the fate of the poet: he managed to enter the Guard, the Ulansk Regiment quartered near St. Petersburg, the Life Guards. Now Afanasiy Afanasyevich gets an opportunity to visit the capital, resume his literary activity, begins to regularly publish poetry in Sovremennik, Russkiy Vestnik, Otechestvennye zapiski, and The Library for Reading. He approaches with Ivan Turgenev, Nikolai Nekrasov, Vasily Botkin, Alexander Druzhinin - editors of Sovremennik. The name of Fet, by that time already half-forgotten, appears again in reviews, articles, a chronicle of the magazine, and since 1854 his poems have been published. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev became the mentor of the poet and even prepared a new edition of his works in 1856.

The fate of the poet in 1856-1877

In the service of Fet was unlucky: every time the rules for obtaining hereditary nobility became tougher. In 1856, he abandoned his military career, and did not achieve his main goal. In Paris in 1857 Athanasius Afanasievich married the daughter of a rich merchant, Maria Petrovna Botkina, and acquired an estate in the Mtsensk district. At that time he almost did not write poetry. As a supporter of conservative views, Fet sharply negatively perceived the abolition of serfdom in Russia and, beginning in 1862, began regularly publishing essays in the "Russian Herald", exposing the post-reform landowner from the standpoint of the landlord-landowner. In 1867-1877, he served as a justice of the peace. In 1873 Afanasiy Afanasyevich finally gets hereditary nobility.

The fate of Fet in the 1880s

In literature, the poet returns only in the 1880s, having moved to Moscow and got rich. In 1881, his old dream was realized - he created a translation of his beloved philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer, "The World as Will and Representation". In 1883, the translation of all works of the poet Horace, begun by Fet in his student years, was published. By the period from 1883 to 1991, the publication of four editions of the poetry collection "Evening Lights" refers to.

Feta Lyrics: General Characteristics

The poetry of Afanasii Afanasievich, whose origins is romantic, is, as it were, the connecting link between the works of Vasily Zhukovsky and Alexander Blok. Late poems of the poet gravitated towards the Tyutchev tradition. The main lyrics of Fet are love and landscape.

In 1950-1960-ies, during the formation of Afanasii Afanasievich as a poet, Nekrasov and his supporters-apologists praising the public, civic ideals of poetry-almost completely dominated the literary environment. Therefore, Afanasy Afanasyevich with his work, we can say, made a little untimely. Features of Fet's lyrics did not allow him to join Nekrasov and his group. After all, according to representatives of civil poetry, poetry must necessarily be topical, fulfilling the propagandistic and ideological task.

Philosophical motives

Philosophical lyrics Fet permeates all of his work, reflected in the landscape, and in love poetry. Although Afanasy Afanasyevich even made friends with many poets of the Nekrasov circle, he argued that art should not be interested in anything other than beauty. Only in love, nature and art proper (painting, music, sculpture) did he find enduring harmony. The philosophical lyrics of Fet sought to go as far as possible from reality, contemplating the beauty that is not involved in the vanity and bitterness of everyday life. This led to the adoption in the 1940s by Athanasius Afanasievich of romantic philosophy, and in the 1960s - the so-called theory of pure art.

The prevailing mood in his works is a rapture with nature, beauty, art, memories, ecstasy. These are the features of Fet's lyrics. Often the poet meets the motive of flying from the ground away after the moonlight or enchanting music.

Metaphors and epithets

Everything that belongs to the category of the sublime and beautiful, is endowed with wings, above all a love feeling and a song. Feta's lyrics often use such metaphors as "winged dream", "winged song", "winged hour", "winged word sound", "inspired by ecstasy", etc.

Epithets in his works usually describe not the object itself, but the impression of the lyric hero from what he saw. Therefore, they can be inexplicable logically and unexpected. For example, a violin can get the definition of "melting". Characteristic for Fet epithets are "dead dreams", "fragrant speeches", "silver dreams", "grass in sobs", "widowed azure", etc.

Often the picture is drawn with the help of visual associations. The poem "The Singer" is a vivid example of this. It shows the desire to translate the feelings created by the melody of the song into specific images and sensations, of which Fet's lyrics consist.

These poems are very unusual. So, "the distance is ringing," and the "gentle light" of the smile of love, "the voice is burning" and stops in the distance, like "dawn beyond the sea", to pour out the pearls again "with a loud tide." Such complex bold images did not know at that time Russian poetry. They were established much later, only with the advent of Symbolists.

Speaking of the creative manner of Fet, mention is also Impressionism, which is based on direct fixation of the impressions of reality.

Nature in the work of the poet

The landscape lyrics of Fet are a source of divine beauty in eternal renewal and diversity. Many critics have mentioned that nature described this author as if from the window of a manor estate or from a park perspective, as if specifically to cause admiration. Landscape fetal poetry is a universal expression of the beauty of a world untouched by man.

The nature for Athanasius Afanasievich is part of his own "I", the background for his experiences and feelings, the source of inspiration. Fet's lyrics seem to blur the line between the outer and inner worlds. Therefore, human properties in his verses can be attributed to darkness, air, even color.

Very often the nature in Feta's lyrics is a night landscape, because at night, when the day vanity settles down, it is easiest to enjoy the all-embracing, unbreakable beauty. At this time of the day, the poet has no glimpses of chaos, fascinating and frightening Tyutchev. The majestic harmony hidden in the day is king. Not the wind and the darkness, but the stars and the moon come out on top. On the stars Fet reads the "fiery book" of eternity (the poem "Among the stars").

The themes of Fet's lyrics are not limited to the description of nature. A special section of his work is poetry, dedicated to love.

Love lyrics Feta

Love for the poet is a whole sea of feelings: a timid longing, and enjoyment of spiritual intimacy, and the apotheosis of passion, and the happiness of two souls. The poetic memory of this author knew no bounds, which enabled him to write poems dedicated to the first love of the poet, even on the slope of his years, as if he were still under the impression of such a welcome recent date.

Most often the poet described the origin of feelings, the most enlightened, romantic and quivering moments of it: the first contact of hands, long glances, the first evening walk in the garden, giving rise to spiritual intimacy, contemplation of the beauty of nature. The lyrical hero says that no less than the happiness itself, he values the steps towards him.

Landscape and love poetry Fet constitute an indivisible unity. Acute perception of nature is often caused by love experiences. A vivid example of this is the miniature "Whisper, timid breathing ..." (1850). The fact that there are no verbs in the poem is not only the original technique, but also a whole philosophy. There is no action because it is actually described only one moment or a whole series of instants, immovable and self-sufficient. The image of the beloved, described by detail, seems to dissolve in the general scale of the poet's feelings. Here there is no integral portrait of the heroine - it should supplement and recreate the imagination of the reader.

Love in Feta's lyrics is often supplemented by other motives. Thus, in the poem "The night was shining, the garden was full of the moon ..." in a single impulse three feelings join: admiration for music, a delightful night and inspirational singing, growing into love for the singer. The whole soul of the poet dissolves in music and at the same time in the soul of the singing heroine, which is the living embodiment of this feeling.

This poem is difficult to assign uniquely to love lyrics or poems about art. It would be more correct to define it as a hymn to beauty, combining the vividness of experience, its charm with profound philosophical overtones. This worldview is called aestheticism.

Athanasius Afanasievich, carried away on the wings of inspiration beyond the limits of earthly existence, feels himself a master, equal to the gods, the power of his poetic genius overcoming the limitations of man's possibilities.

Conclusion

The whole life and work of this poet is the search for beauty in love, nature, even death. Could he have found her? Only those who really understand the author's creative heritage can answer this question: he heard the music of his works, saw landscape canvases, felt the beauty of poetic lines and learned to find harmony in the surrounding world.

We examined the main motifs of Fet's lyrics, the characteristic features of the work of this great writer. So, for example, like any poet, Athanasius Afanasyevich writes about the eternal theme of life and death. He is neither afraid of death nor of life ("Verses of death"). To a physical death, the poet experiences only a cold indifference, and the earthly existence is justified by Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet only with creative fire commensurate with his "view of the whole universe." Sounds in the verses and antique motifs (for example, "Diana"), and Christian ("Ave Maria", "Madonna").

More detailed information about Fet's work you can find in school textbooks on Russian literature, in which the lyrics of Afanasy Afanasyevich are considered in some detail.