Emotions, Intelligence, Right Hemisphere, Left Hemisphere

FUNCTIONAL ASYMMETRY OF HEMISPHERES

BRAIN.

The brain consists of three large parts: a large brain, a cerebellum and a brain stem. In terms of size and functional significance, the large brain plays a leading role. Therefore, in a simplified version, it can be called the brain. The brain consists of the left and right hemispheres. Morphologically or in form they are very similar to each other. However, they can not be called paired organs, since they are not unambiguous in the functional plan. The left hemisphere is responsible for human intellectual activity, and the right one for its emotional characteristics. Considering the fact that it is in the sphere of their functional activity that there are personal characteristics of a person, his behavior, habits, emotions, intellectual abilities and, ultimately, his destiny, brain research is an urgent necessity. In addition, this is an extremely interesting activity, which brings us more and more surprises. So we found out that the right hemisphere is more active in the main mass of our people than the left one, because the right hemisphere is responsible for the formation of the negative emotional status of a person, then we can assume that we are more emotional than rational and negative emotionally. It's easier to say we are very evil, aggressive and rancorous. And it, first of all, beats on ourselves, it very much harms our family and social relations, undermines our health and reduces our life for 10 - 15 years. How to fix this situation?

Functions of the cerebral hemispheres

The functional ambiguity of the cerebral hemispheres was revealed on the basis of data on speech disorders. The discovery takes its roots in the second half of the XIX century. Based on the results of the postmortem autopsy of patients who have lost their speech, the French clinician P. Broka established the connection of this disease with lesions of nerve cells in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain. Somewhat later S. Wemecxe described the loss of the ability of oral speech communication, the so-called sensory aphasia, in a patient with damage to the temporal gyrus of the same hemisphere. Further, it was found that the left hemisphere of the brain dominates not only in speech, but also in the processes of reading, writing, counting, the ability to think logically. The concept of the left brain hemisphere was formulated. The right hemisphere seemed subordinate and did not have specific properties.

However, the clinic accumulated facts that clarify the importance of the right hemisphere in the formation of the emotional status of a person. In 1881, B. Luys, examining patients with focal brain lesions and complete loss of arbitrary movements of one half of the body (hemiplegia), showed that the right hemisphere of the brain has a dominant role in the sphere of emotions. Somewhat later, the dominance of the right hemisphere in expressing emotions was determined by H Sackkeim. It turned out that the right hemisphere is responsible for emotions and, to a greater extent, for negative emotions. With the predominance of the function of the right hemisphere, man is prone to negativism perception of the environment. He sees, first of all, negative aspects of events, better remembers them and remembers them longer. Thus, with the dominant activity of the right hemisphere over the left, a negative emotional profile of the individual is formed, the severity of which depends on the degree of this activity. Further research in this area showed a deeper connection in terms of functional relations of the left and right hemispheres, their mutually complementary specialization. As it turned out, the functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres is ambiguous, difficult to mosaic, and has age specific features. However, quite justifiably and with a sufficiently high degree of reliability, it can be argued that the left hemisphere, to a large extent, is verbally logical, responsible for the intellectual level of the person, while the right hemisphere, to a large extent, is spatially = sensory. The high level of activity of this or that hemisphere determines the psychological type of personality. Functional ambiguity of the cerebral hemispheres was formed during the evolution of the central nervous system (CNS).

Evolution of the central nervous system.

In the development of the nervous system of animals, it is common to distinguish three consecutive stages or three types of the nervous system: diffuse, nodular and tubular. The first multicellular organisms, for example, the freshwater polyp hydra, have a diffuse nervous system.

Nerve cells are located throughout the surface of the outer layer of the hydra. They have a star-shaped form, since they are equipped with long sprouts. The processes of closely located nerves contact each other, and some of them come into contact with skin-muscular cells. The working state of the nerve cell is excitation. If a fine needle is touched to the hydra, then the excitation from stimulation of one of the nerve cells is transmitted along the processes to other nerve cells, and from them to the skin-muscular cells. There is a contraction of muscular fibers, and the hydra shrinks into a small lump.

Further development of the nervous system leads to the fact that the nerve cells scattered throughout our body, already described hydra, are gradually grouped into nerve chains and nerve nodes - accumulations of nerve cells. The first representative, from whom we observe the nodal nervous system, are flat worms and their typical representative - the white planar. This worm 1-2cm long, living in ponds and streams, has a white body with a translucent intestine stuffed with dark food. One of the features of the nervous system of planaria is bilateral symmetry. Its right side looks like a mirror image of the left. All organs of the planaria are located in pairs on both sides of an imaginary plane passing along the body of the animal. Two-sided symmetry is characteristic of most multicellular animals, including humans. The planaria has two nerve trunks on each side. In the anterior part, both nerve trunks terminate in large nerve nodes connected to each other. In ringed worms, they form into the large sub-pharyngeal and supra-pharyngeal nodes. These two large nodes and nerve trunks are the precursors of the modern CNS of vertebrates and humans.

A larger hypopharyngeal node provides tactile, and supra-pharyngeal - digestive functions. Further, in the course of evolution, the peri-ophthalmic node moves to the left, and the sub-pharyngeal node to the right and upwards. Thus, the right and left hemispheres of the brain are formed. Rotational movements of the supra-pharyngeal and sub-pharyngeal nodes, connected with the nerve trunks lead to the crossing of the nerve pathways. Two nerve trunks sink deep into the muscle tissue and, connecting with each other, form the primary spinal cord. Functional and morphological ambiguity of the supra-pharyngeal and sub-pharyngeal nodes caused the functional ambiguity of the left and right hemispheres of the human brain.

Functional typology

Functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres makes it possible to classify people according to the degree of relative activity of the left or right cerebral hemispheres. Psychologists have always tried to divide people into psychophysiological types.

The first attempt at such a classification of people goes back to the distant past. In the V century BC. Ancient Greek physician, reformer of ancient medicine Hippocrates created the doctrine that the human body consists of 4 elements: air, water, fire, and earth. It was supposed that the compounds of these elements create 4 substances: blood, mucus, black bile, yellow bile, which determine 4 types of a person. Somewhat later, 130-200 years BC, the follower of Hippocrates, the Greek physician Claudius Gallen proposed to identify 4 main psychological types based on the emotional state of a person. This sanguine person - is inclined to joy, phlegmatic - to calmness, melancholy - to longing and choleric - angry type. This classification lasted two millennia. A physiological relationship of some diseases with psychotypes of people was revealed . So the melancholy is inclined to certain diseases of the cardiovascular system, vegetative-vascular dystonia, depression, schizoid psychopathy. Choleric, for example, is prone to dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, urogenital system, spasms, convulsions, mania, hysteroid or epileptoid psychopathy. Knowledge of the psychotype is of great importance in medicine for the clarification of diagnosis and treatment, as well as in the correction of social relations.

In the twentieth century, the study of psychotypes received a new direction, related to psychoanalysis, developed by Z. Freud. The most significant in this respect is the typology of K. Jung, one of the outstanding disciples of Z. Freud. At the heart of his system he puts 4 classes of people: thinking, feeling, sensing and intuitive. Each of these people of this or that class can prove to be both extroverted and introvert, forming in total 8 psychotypes. According to K.Yung's classification, the introvert is inclined to leave all experiences within himself, he is easily wounded and defenseless, is subject to any idea and it is difficult for him to reconsider his views. In this respect, extroverts are much easier. They are sociable, easy to navigate in any environment, society, are able to predict and rebuild their relationship. Everything goes to them surprisingly easily, and they do not notice their troubles and simply pass them through their fingers.

IP Pavlov, based on the classification he developed, laid down the main processes in the activity of the central nervous system. He singled out four types of higher nervous activity in strength, balance, excitation and inhibition of nervous processes.

All the above-mentioned classifications did not take into account the fact of functional ambiguity of the left and right hemispheres of the brain. As it turned out, the mental activity and human behavior is seriously influenced by the dominance of this or that hemisphere. It was proposed to distinguish two psychotypes: left hemisphere and right hemisphere, where the characteristic of the main properties of each type is the functional orientation of the dominant hemisphere of the brain. The problem lies in the scientifically justified determination of the dominance of a hemisphere. A.P. Anuashvili suggests revealing the dominance of the right or left hemisphere of the brain by determining the difference in the amplitudes of the oscillatory processes in this or that hemisphere and the degree of consistency of these oscillatory processes among themselves. To determine these parameters, direct measurements are required using sensors that measure the electromagnetic radiation of the brain. In addition to the fact that this technique requires the use of expensive specialized equipment inaccessible for widespread use, the electromagnetic characteristics of radiation from the brain are characterized by a high level of instability. They easily change and depend on many additional factors. Obviously, this significantly affects the objectivity of research results and requires the accumulation of a large amount of statistical material.

Synthesized photos.

We propose a technique for indirectly determining the predominant hemisphere of the brain by comparing the surface area of the left and right half of the face. The surface of the face is formed by its mimic muscles and the more developed it is, the greater the surface area of the face. The development of mimic muscles directly depends on the functional activity of the cortical complexes of neurons of the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Since the mimic muscles of the left and right face are innervated contralaterally, that is, the opposite hemispheres, the surface area of the right face depends on the activity of the left hemisphere, and the surface area of the left face, respectively, depends on the activity of the right hemisphere. With stable dominance or higher activity, for example, the right hemisphere, the mimic muscles of the left side of the face will be developed much stronger than the mimic muscles of the right side of the face, and consequently the surface area of the left side of the face will be larger than the surface area of the right half of the face. Note that the dominance of one hemisphere or a higher degree of excitation of its neurons, as a rule, causes relative inhibition of nervous processes in the opposite hemisphere. This further enhances the effect described above.

To determine the dominant hemisphere, the surface areas of the synthesized photographs of the left and right faces were compared. A synthesized photograph is a photo image made up of one half of the face and its mirror image. The person in the photo is divided along the axial anatomical line into two halves, and from each half two synthesized photographs are made. The left side of the face and its mirror image are taken and the left face is combined. In the same way, a combined photo of the right face is made. This was done using a computer program. Next, the surface areas of the left and right faces of synthesized photographs were measured. The same scale of photos and their front images allow to perform comparative mathematical processing. The area of the desired half of the face on one side was limited to the central axial anatomical line, and to the other outer contours of the face.

. To determine the dominant hemisphere and the degree of its dominance, the concept of the facial asymmetry coefficient was introduced, which was determined by the ratio of the areas of the surface of the left and right face. If the ratio of the area of the left face to the square of the right is greater than one, that is, the area of the left face is greater than the right, this means that the right hemisphere is more active than the left one. If this ratio is less than one, then the left hemisphere is the more active hemisphere. If this coefficient is equal to one, then the person is absolutely symmetrical and both hemispheres have the same activity. Thus, we can easily identify which hemisphere the subject is active in and determine his individual asymmetry coefficient. Researches were conducted among the students of the NGMA.

The results were somewhat unexpected. We saw that, quantitatively, the number of right-hemispheric and left-hemispheric types should be approximately the same. However, in percentage terms, the number of right hemisphere people was 87.7%, the number of left hemisphere people was 12.3%. The number of symmetrically functioning hemispheres is zero. Some hemisphere is always a little more active than the opposite. The mean asymmetry coefficient in the group with the active left hemisphere was 0, 944, and in the group with the active right hemisphere 1,087. Additional studies were conducted among different age and social groups. The results were identical. We are all very emotional and, as a rule, we first do, and then we think, we do things, and then repent.

Functional typology.

The left hemisphere processes the information, sequentially coding and comparing its details, i.e. goes from analysis to synthesis, where the conclusions are made after careful data processing. Only after this, the left hemisphere determines the goals and outlines the ways of their realization. This approach guarantees a high level of success and effectiveness. Analyzing the situation occurring here and now, the left hemisphere is betting on the future. Such a person in the process of his current activity, predicts the expected future and sees himself in this situation as an active person. He shows exceptional ingenuity and cold judgment in difficult situations. This allows you to exclude the making of wrong decisions and avoid undesirable consequences. Among these people we see scientists, engineers, managers. Taking into account all the circumstances and peculiarities of the functioning of the left hemisphere, the ways of its perception of the surrounding reality and the expression of its psychic essence, the person who dominates the left hemisphere is defined as an intellectual logical type.

The right hemisphere plays a leading role in the emotional sphere of a person's mental activity. Given the fact that the left hemisphere in addition, takes the whole spectrum of positive emotions, then naturally, we are not only emotional, but emotionally negative. The right hemisphere provides a holistic and imaginative perception of the world, but this perception always has a negative connotation. The bad is always remembered better than the good, has the feature of accumulating. Working in the present, the right hemisphere rests solely on the past, looks for unfavorable circumstances there and relies on them, making decisions. This leads to undesirable and unforeseen consequences. And it's still gently said. The right hemisphere operates in an analog mode with a very narrow spectrum of analysis. It compares objects in terms such as good or bad, evil or good, true or false, and absolutely incapable of compromise. People who are dominated by the right hemisphere belong to the sensual type, they are overly emotional and, being dominated by emotions, are unable to think. However, emotionally, they are very expressive, they perceive the surrounding world at a sensible level, are capable of compassion, charity, and are ready for self-sacrifice in the struggle for justice. Leaders emerge from this environment. From here come to us artists, sculptors, poets, singers, artists, ultimately, romantics, adorn our society, giving it an attraction and direction. It's good. But there is one thing that prevails over us. This is irritation.

The right hemisphere type initially carries irritation and the basis for this is the constant activity of the right hemisphere, its negative emotional orientation. This is a smoldering volcano that lives in our souls. Any unforeseen obstacle causes us unrestrained anger. This occurs as a result of the generalization of excitation, when negative emotions capture the entire brain. Here, any external impulse only enhances excitation. If such a person can not be stopped, he can commit any crime, up to and including murder.

The underlying irritation keeps us in a state, although weak, but constantly depressed. Any, even an insignificant unfavorable situation can plunge us into a real depression. Uncertainty, anxious and oppressive state, suppressed instinct of self-preservation, unbearable mental pain, a sense of worthlessness. This terrible list can be continued indefinitely. It is only necessary to say that the consequences of such a state do not foretell anything good. They are the cause of a number of serious diseases. It, first of all a stomach ulcer, a bronchial asthma, a diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In severe forms of depression, neural disorders and suicidal syndrome occur, which often ends in tragedy. For all these indicators, we are almost leaders. This is our national identity. In general, all this reduces the life expectancy to 10 to 15 years, depending on the degree of asymmetry of the hemispheres. How to fix this situation?

Psychological correction.

Studies of various types of people put the problem of eliminating the negative characteristics of the personality, changing it in a positive direction, before the psychologists. The task is to create a harmonious, highly spiritual, creative personality, helping it to reveal its positive qualities, to promote the strengthening of physical health. Now that the causes of our many misfortunes are understood, we will consider methods of combating evil fate, which does not allow us to live peacefully and happily.

Manifestations on the human face of the functional state of the hemisphere of the brain make it possible, with visual processing of synthesized photographs of the left and right faces, to correct a person's psychological state. Considering synthesized photographs composed of the left and right half of the face, the subject sees two different people. There is a split personality, which the brain seeks to eliminate, eliminating the asymmetry between the left and right half of the face. Synthesized photographs show the brain the naked reality, the result of its unsuccessful activity and induce it to correct the situation. The brain has a great ability for self-healing and self-improvement. When, finally, the goals are defined, consciousness begins to self-correction.

Visualization or viewing of synthesized photographs should be done before bedtime, in a relaxed atmosphere. To view the photographs one by one, for a few minutes each. Next, the work to correct the functional distortions in the brain is at a subconscious level. The course of this psychotherapy is 7 to 10 days and is repeated after 1 month. It is enough 2 - 3 courses. As a result of such psychotherapy, human behavior changes, geometric proportions and emotional expression of the face change in a positive direction. Immunity and self-esteem increase, illnesses go away, pressure normalizes.

. The next method is to activate the left hemisphere. His activity, as we said above, will automatically inhibit the activity of the right hemisphere and reduce the emotional background of a person's mental state. For this it is necessary to give the left hemisphere a job. Download it with a simple logical task solution. For example, let you always have a few coins of different dignity in your pocket. You touch the dignity of each coin and determine the total amount of your coinage. A task can have several variations, but the result will be one. You will find calmness, and with peace of mind confidence in yourself and your strength.

Melikov P S (1980), Myasnikov IG (1964 = 2008)