Dynasty of the Romanovs. The coat of arms of the Romanovs (B.V. Kene)

The Tsars of the Romanovs are an ancient Moscow boyar family. Andrey Ivanovich Mare is the first mentioned ancestor of the future royal dynasty. He lived in the XIV century and served the great Vladimir and Moscow prince Simeon Gordoy, the eldest son of Ivan Kalita. Andrei Kobyla, together with Alexei Bosovolkov, acted as an intermediary in the marriage between the Moscow prince and Maria Alexandrovna, the daughter of a Tver prince. The embassy was successful.

About Andrey Kobyl in the annals is no longer mentioned, but it is known that his descendants continued to serve the Moscow princes. His sons became the ancestors of the well-known names, and from the Fedor the Cats and the kings of the Romanovs took place. The surname itself was inherited from the great-great-grandson Andrei Kobyla - Roman Yuryevich Zakharin, a rather well-known okolnichy and voevody. His daughter, Anastasia Romanovna, became the first and most beloved wife of Ivan IV the Terrible.

It is well-known fact that Anastasia always restrained her husband with her kind and gentle temper. It was with her death that the Elected Rada was dissolved and the distrust of the Tsar against the boyars increased. The nephew of Anastasia Yuryevna was Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, a person of great importance in Russian history. It was he who took an active part in politics during the Time of Troubles, was forcibly tonsured into monks by Boris Godunov.

When did the reign of the Romanovs begin? What was it like? How long did it take? For all these questions, you will find answers in the article.

Mikhail Fedorovich's election to the kingdom

The period in history, when the reign of the Romanovs began, was complex and bloody. In Russia, from the end of the 16th century, the devastating, harassing Troubles raged. The son of Ivan the Terrible, Fyodor, died childless, his brother Dmitri was killed in Uglich, another, Ivan Ivanovich, died while his father was still alive. The dynasty of the Rurik people was suppressed, a dynastic crisis arose. Then there was a frequent change of power, the families of Godunovs and Shuyskys could not hold the throne. It is worth noting that the people disliked the new kings, not only because of their failed policies, but because Godunov and Shuisky were elected rulers who did not succeed in the throne.

The same consequences were feared at the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, which again sharply raised the question of the monarch. It was necessary to choose a person who would not tarnish his own name during the Troubles. It is worth paying tribute to the Cossacks, who played a decisive role in the election of Mikhail Romanov. Not only that they had numerical superiority, the Cossacks remained incorruptible. Prince Trubetskoy, wishing to get the throne, not stinting, rolled feasts to find support among the Cossacks. They, in turn, did not refuse gifts, but they did not support the prince either.

Also, the decisive role in the selection of Mikhail Fyodorovich was played by the absence of a candidate for the throne in Moscow, since this could turn into a catastrophe and disrupt the Zemsky Sobor. Boyars also accepted the candidacy of Romanov, since they believed that he was young (at that time the young man was 16 years old) and would become a "pocket king", a puppet in their hands. When it was decided to ask Mikhail Fedorovich to take over the board, they remembered his kinship with the Rurik dynasty, because his father, Patriarch Filaret, was a cousin to Tsar Fedor Ivanovich.

The Legend of the Origin of the Dynasty

What was the coat of arms of the Romanov family? Before talking about this, let's find out the legend about the origin of the dynasty.

At the beginning of the XVI century, the version of the arrival of the Varangians in Rus, set out in the "Tale of Bygone Years," was no longer quoted, and in no way strengthened Russia's international authority. At the same time, the theory "Moscow - the Third Rome" appears, which strengthened the country's position as the center of Orthodoxy. It was necessary to come up with a legend about the genealogy of the ruling dynasty. The Roman emperor Augustus is widely known. According to the legend, his relative, Prus, was sent to Europe to develop the lands and create the state. So he became king of Prussia, and she once was populated by the Slavs.

The descendants of the Prus began to expand their territory in the east, thus the Russian lands were settled. This is how the Rurik dynasty took place. But how is this legend connected with the Romanovs? Very simple. In 1722, Peter I also decided to approve the legitimacy of his power by "enriching" the genealogy. The emperor ordered the development of this version of the Heraldmaster Stepan Andreevich Kolychev. Now it has become accepted that during the existence of the Roman Empire (373 or 305) the King of Prussia Pruteno transferred the kingdom to his brother Veidevut, and left for the pagan city of Romanov, where he was revered as the high priest. Settlement was located on the banks of the Dubissa and Nevyazhy, where the oak tree was amazingly large. Before his death, Veidevut divided the kingdom into several parts.

One of his sons, Nedron, began to reign in the lands of Zhamud (territory of modern Lithuania). Centuries later, in the XIII century, the descendant of Nedron, Glanda Kambila, came to Rus, where he began to serve the first Moscow prince, Daniil Aleksandrovich. There he adopted Christianity, and his former name became a nickname - Mare. Naturally, these versions are not a reality, numerous attempts by historians to verify their reliability proved to be futile. Nevertheless, many Romanov dynasty rulers were truly great, the most important of them will be discussed below.

The Board of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov

Mikhail Fedorovich reigned from 1613 to 1645. He accomplished a very difficult task-he stabilized the situation in the country devastated after the Troubles. Disputes about the rulers ceased. "Voronok Ivashka," the son of False Dmitry II, who could be used by those dissatisfied with the accession of the new monarch, was executed. Eliminated foreign applicants for the Russian throne. First of all, Michael's foreign policy was successful. In 1617 Stolbovsky peace was concluded with Sweden, according to which Novgorod was returned to Russia. In 1618, the Deulin Treaty was signed with Poland, which allowed to establish the situation inside due to the absence of danger from the outside. Nevertheless, in the Smolensk war (1632-1634) Russia was defeated.

Alexey Mikhailovich

During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, many important events occurred, but this king is in the shadow of his son, Peter the Great. Although Alexei Mikhailovich himself was nicknamed Tishaishim, the century of his reign is called "rebellious." At this time interval (1645-1676) several significant popular discontent fell: Salt riot (1648), Copper revolt (1662) and peasant war led by Stepan Razin (1670-1671). As a result of the first event, a code of laws was adopted - the Sobornoye Ulozhenie (1649), according to which serfdom was legally registered. Famous are the reforms of Patriarch Nikon, who wanted to harmonize church rites and books with Greek originals. And although the reform measures were insignificant (it was established by crossing with tri-opera, writing the name Jesus, etc.), they also caused much discontent among the people.

Peter I Alekseevich

Everyone knows the first Russian emperor, the great reformer and talented commander - Peter I Alekseevich. The Azov campaigns were the first independent steps of the tsar, thanks to which Russia gained access to the Azov Sea, and the Great Embassy, in which Peter himself took an active part. Russia adopted many European customs, and also formed the Northern Alliance for the war with Sweden. During the Northern War (1700-1721), Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea and gained the status of an empire. A number of transformations of Peter contributed to the rapid development of capitalism in the country, education, culture, science, etc.

Ekaterina II Alekseevna

Peter I adopted a decree on succession to the throne, according to which the monarch himself appoints a successor, but the emperor did not manage to dispose of this account, which led to lengthy palace coups, during which the pretenders to the throne, relying on the guard, seized power. Most of them were incapable of governing, but this can not be said of Catherine II, wife of Peter III, grandson of the Russian people, and Peter's grandson. Both Catherine's external and internal policies can be characterized as successful. It secularized the church lands (1764), liquidated the Hetmanate in Ukraine (1764), reformed the Senate (1763), provincial (1775), urban (1785). The main result of foreign policy was the access to the Black Sea and the annexation of the Crimean peninsula.

Alexander I Pavlovich

Alexander I is a rather contradictory personality in Russian history. The beginning of his reign was promising - The secret committee, which included the members of the emperor, adopted decrees on political amnesty (1801), the transformation of colleges into ministries (1802), and free grain farmers (1803). In 1812, Russia won a great victory in the Patriotic War, strengthened the international authority of the state. But in the second half of Alexander's rule, the liberal mood was replaced by a conservative one, which became one of the reasons for the Decembrist uprising in 1825.

Alexander II Nikolaevich

Alexander II was called the Liberator for the main reform, carried out in 1861, - the abolition of serfdom. It was under Alexander II that the family coat of arms of the Romanovs was created, which will be discussed below. By the time of his reign, many transformations have been made: judicial (1864), zemstvo (1864), urban (1870), military (1861-1874) and other reforms. Nevertheless, the great converter was killed in 1881 by the People's Artist AI Zhelyabov.

The Last Romanov

The reign of Nicholas II had a hard time. A lot of blood was shed during the tragedy at the Khodynka Field (1894), in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), in the Revolution (1905-1907), in World War I (1914-1918) and in the February Revolution (1917). However, in the reign of Nicholas there was a large increase in population, taxes were among the lowest in Europe, in the hands of the peasants there were about 80% of arable land. Unfortunately, the absence of the sovereign's firm hand, failures in foreign policy and the strong influence of the elder Grigory Rasputin led to the overthrow of the emperor in March 1917 and his execution with the family in the summer of next year. It was the last Romanov, the dynasty ceased to exist.

Founder of the Russian Archaeological Society

Bernhard V. Kene is a major heraldist of the Russian Empire, the founder of the Russian Archaeological Society. On his initiative, the order of herb creation in Russia was streamlined. In 1857, Baron Kene established the rules for decorating the arms. Bernhardt was the creator of the second Great Emblem of the Russian Empire and the family coat of arms of the Romanov dynasty.

Romanov's coat of arms: history

With the coming to power in 1613 all the rulers of the Romanov dynasty used the state emblem, which depicted a two-headed eagle. But by the 60th years of the XIX century, Alexander II wanted to create a personal symbol. What was the family coat of arms of the Romanovs' house? For its foundation was taken the arms of the Romanov boyars. But there is also a symbol of Gottorp-Holstein-Romanov, since the direct male branch of the dynasty was stopped in 1730 with the death of Peter the Great's grandson, Peter II, and the female in 1761 with the death of his daughter Elizabeth. The first representative of the Gottorp-Holstein-Romanov dynasty became Peter III. His mother, Anna, was the daughter of Peter the Great, and his father, Carl Friedrich, was the duke of Holstein-Gottorp. Peter, apparently, did not manage to settle the legal name of the dynasty, and his wife, Catherine II, did not begin to attract attention to such a slippery subject, since her position on the throne was initially rather shaky.

Symbols of the coat of arms Gottorp-Holstein-Romanovs

What did the arms of the Romanovs stand for? Its meaning is obvious: it is power and power.

The shield was divided into two parts. To the right is the coat of arms of the Romanovs. It shows a red neck holding a sword and shield in its paws. The most important detail is a small black eagle sitting on a shield. The edge of the emblem is decorated with the heads of lions. It is believed that the Romanovs' symbol was borrowed by them from the coat of arms of Livland, since the griffin is a figure quite common in European heraldry. The Schleswig-Holstein coat of arms is on the left and divided into five parts, not counting a small shield in the center. On the edge you can see the coat of arms of Schleswig, the coat of arms of Holstein, the coat of arms of Stormar, the coat of arms of Dittmarsen. The inner shield is also divided into two parts: the Oldenburg and Delmengorstian emblems.

The Boyars of the Romanovs

The Romanovs' House in the Charge is the only building preserved from the big Romanov manor. Presumably, it was built in the late 16th century. In the XIX century, Alexander II announced that the Chambers had become a museum, free to visit. The Romanovs' house is also notable for the fact that on its walls there is an image of a griffin, the main symbol of the Romanov family.