Doubtful consonants: examples. Spelling of doubtful consonants at the root of the word

The Russian language would not be great and mighty if it did not have a complex grammar. And it is not easy to study all the rules, not only for foreign students, but also for carriers. Even in primary classes, when teaching spelling, students face serious problems, one of which is dubious consonants. Examples of words with them cause a lot of difficulties and underscores with a red pen from an angry teacher in notebooks. How to dispel doubts? The answers will be found in this article.

Strong position

On the part of the word and in what environment is this or that sound, its position depends: strong or weak. In a weak position, the sound loses its distinctive properties and is likened to another, stronger one. Thus, a strong position reveals all the properties of sound and makes it possible to distinguish it from the others in the flow of natural speech.

Of course, a strong position for a vowel sound is his being under stress. In the word "hurry," the sound [e] is unstressed, so it can easily be mistaken for [and]. To check the spelling, it is worth choosing the single root word, wherever the necessary vowel is stressed - "rush". Since the root of the word has not changed, we can conclude that the letter e is written in the word.

Strong position for consonants is of two types: by voicing and deafness, and by hardness and softness. In the first case, the consonant should stand either after a vowel (sex, beat), or after a sonorous consonant, and also sound [in] (your, anger). The participation of the voice in vowels and sonorous sounds helps to reveal the strengths of the consonant sound. In the case of hardness and softness, the strong position of the consonant is at the end of the word (corner - coal), in front of the vowel (mole), and before the solid consonant (scoffing). Consonant sounds in a strong position are intuitively understood by all native speakers. Therefore, they never cause difficulties for students and are easily remembered.

Weak position

It is the one that causes the greatest difficulties when teaching spelling, since the sound in this position loses its distinctive properties. Instead of ringing the consonant very much wants to write a deaf, and hard to replace the soft. To blame for this confusion is the morphological principle of writing words in Russian - it is necessary to write all the significant parts of the word according to the standard pattern, not paying attention to the special features of their pronunciation.

For vowel sounds this, of course, is the position in an unstressed syllable: spring, milk. Sounds in this position lose their longitude and strength. As mentioned above, to verify the spelling of such words it is necessary to select similar shapes with the same sound in a strong position - under stress.

With consonants, things are much more complicated. If we talk about deafness and voicelessness, then the weak position in this case will be the position of sound at the end of the word (zu b ), as well as before noisy voiceless voices and voiced consonants ( lodka , peredacha).

Doubtful consonant examples are also made for softness / hardness: this is, first and foremost, the assimilation ahead of a standing soft consonant (whether stik, vs, or rush ). More details about the features of writing a soft sign will be told in the penultimate chapter.

At the end of the word

In which positions are the most common words with dubious consonants? The examples are very numerous, therefore, first of all, we will consider the final position separately - it is the most common in the great and mighty.

Voiced consonants at the end of the word have a steady tendency to be stunned, since by the end of the word the pronouncing effort is reduced to a minimum. Sounds [f] in the word "objective", [w] in the word "swift" - dubious consonants. Examples of voicing at the end of Russian words are not found.

Check the spelling of such consonants easily - you need to change the wordform so that after an incomprehensible sound there was a vowel: "lenses", "swifts".

One should also remember about unverifiable cases: the genitive case of plural (tables) and gerunds (having fallen, having done).

Doubtful consonants at the root of the word: examples and rules

The root of the word is the most important part, which makes sense, so it is by no means impossible to distort it. There are many cases when it is worth remembering the spelling of doubtful consonants in the root of the word. The examples follow below.

First of all, the selection of a test word with the same consonant in a strong position can greatly facilitate the writing of many words (lubrication - lubricate). The alternation between the consonants of Ms and T-hs is also sometimes found in the Russian language (rug-carpet).

Double consonant

If the prefix and root are joined by the same consonant, it doubles (heartless, invoke). The same applies to the joint of two bases in complex words (head physician). Often, this feature is reflected in the pronunciation, so it does not cause difficulties.

There are other positions in which doubtful consonants are at the root: examples relate to joints with suffixes. If the root ends in a double consonant, it remains before the suffix in full: ten-point, compromise.

Forget the memory of unverifiable dubious consonants at the root of the word. Examples can be found in the orthographic dictionary: atoll, gibben, calligraphy, couple of holograms, tennis and others.

Soft sign: need or not

Often, the softness of the consonant is questioned. The problem here is that to soften the sound is capable not only of a soft sign, but also a vowel with an iota component (the letters e, e, w, i, and also). Therefore, in words where two consonants follow such a vowel, a soft sign between them is not needed. This rule once again confirms what a complex phenomenon - doubtful consonants. Examples: a snowball , a fledgling , a racer , a bridle .

A special point in this rule is the numerals from fifty to eighty, and also from five hundred to nine hundred. A soft sign in the words of six hundred , seven hundred remains as part of the foundation in the compound word. Infinitives are written with a soft sign before the postfix, in contrast to the personal forms of the verb (it's good to learn - they learn well). This also includes the forms of the imperative mood of the verb in the plural (sit, throw).

Doubtful and unpronounceable consonants: examples and rules

The confluence of three or more consonant sounds inevitably entails the fall of one of them, which is in the weakest position. Selection of a single root word with this sound in a strong position will become a reliable assistant in this case too. For example : hello - health, amateurish - amateur. But the word "ladder" will have to remember, because the check "ladder" here does not help.

How to stop doubting

Only a combination of different methods will help to deal with the many-sided problem of doubtful consonants in the Russian language forever. First of all, it is worthwhile to use the selection of test words with consonants in a strong position. In addition to self-examination, the search for such forms is also an exciting activity, allowing you to once again pay attention to your vocabulary.

Of course, there are many words that can not be checked because of their origin or uniqueness. Such cases are collected in any spelling dictionary - a reliable assistant for everyone who wants to know Russian thoroughly.

And finally, do not despair - very few can fully comprehend the most complicated grammar of the Russian language. Any spelling mistakes need not be treated too emotionally, it is enough to correct them and try to remember them. Doubts are inherent not only in consonant sounds, but also in each of us.