Verbs of the perfect kind: concept, formation, species pairs

One of the independent parts of the speech of the Russian language is the Verb. The verb denotes the action, the state of the object. His main questions: what to do? what to do? This part of speech has many morphological features, on which its place in speech and the syntactic role in the sentence depend. The topic of this article is "Verbs of the perfect kind", therefore, before talking about them, it is necessary to find out the meaning of their category: the species. The category of the species is the grammatical category of the verb, it is inherent in all its forms and shows the action in time. The verb "decided" and "decided" are similar in meaning, but are grammatically different. I decided - the verb is perfect. Form, it indicates the completed action, the fact that it is completed and limited. Solved - the verb is not perfect. Form and does not contain the limits or completeness of the action. In Russian there are two kinds of verbs: perfect and imperfect.

Perfect verb form

Already by one name - the verb of a perfect kind - one can understand that it is an action that has begun, committed, completed or will end. There is a limit, a boundary, the result of an action. Therefore, the questions for the perfect verb form are: what to do? What did (a)? What have you done? What will you do?

So, for example: in the past tense

"I read the book" means: I read everything to the end;

"I wrote a letter" means: the letter is ready;

"I learned the language" means: I know the language;

"We sang a song" means: to the end.

Whereas the sentences: "I wrote a letter", "I read a book", "I sang a song", "I studied a language", mean that the action was happening, but whether it was brought to the end - is unknown.

Verbal species differ mainly in meaning and temporal forms. Verbs of a perfect kind have a past and the future simple time: I have (verified), written (written), played (play), read (read), studied (learn). The endings in the future are the same as in the present tense for verbs. I read, I play.

Verbs are not perfect. Species have the form of the present, past. And future. Difficult time. The proposals "We will build", "We will study" only say that the actions will be committed, but not whether they will be finished. Whereas the sentence "We will build", "We will study" say that something will be built to the end, it will be studied and we will know. This connection of species with different formation of temporal forms leads to errors in use in present-day speech instead of the future, the future instead of the present.

So, instead of correctly forming the future tense: I'll say I'll go, I'll take it, I'll start - people who do not speak the language wrongly say: I'll say, I'll go, I'll start.

Education and Species

The initial form of the formation of verbs of a perfect species is mostly verbs incomplete. Type with the addition of prefixes, suffixes, the opposition of suffixes, alternation in the root, the shifting of stresses, the expression of species by different roots and words. Species pairs are formed.

1. Verbs of the perfect form are formed by adding the suffix -nu to the imperfective verbs: jump-jump, swing-swing. These verbs attach importance to brevity and instantness.

Some verbs with a suffix-no- before the suffix drop the last consonants: throw-throw, sink-drown, whisper-whisper. The suffix -nu in verbs of the perfect form indicates the result, the limit, the completeness of the action (to disappear, to reach), to the single action (push, shout, to wave), to the intense beginning of the action (pour, burst)

2. The prefixes give the verb the meaning of completeness, without changing the basic lexical meaning of the word: write-write, write-off; To become blind-blind; Gray-gray; Build-build; Do-do; To grow stronger.

But often the prefixes give a new lexical meaning to the verb. Type: read - read, read, read

In addition to the meaning of completeness, prefixes can bring other tones to the verbs, pointing to the relation of the action to time. So, the prefix for some verbs introduces the value of the limited action in time, for example: today I read, worked, walked (for a while I read and stopped, worked for a while and stopped working, did not walk for long).

The prefixes, after joining with some verbs, bring to the word the meaning of the beginning of the action: sing-sing (began to sing); Make a noise (make noise); Fly-fly (started to fly)

For example:

The forest rang, groaned, cracked, The Hare listened and ran. ( N.Nekrasov )

The eaglets whistled and squealed even more plaintively. Then the eagle suddenly loudly screamed, spread its wings and heavily flew to the sea ... ( L. Tolstoy )

3. Sometimes the species pairs of verbs are formed from different roots, words: put-put. Remember the words and combinations with which verbs of the perfect kind are used: suddenly, suddenly, suddenly, somehow, once, once, suddenly, one day.

Practice!

Here is an illustrated text. Find in the text verbs of the perfect kind. Explain the difference in the meaning of verbs. And not perfect. Species.

Hunting

The handsome-eagle is slowly making a circle over the sea. His flight is so calm and graceful. Here he stood for a moment in the air, as if someone was holding him by the string. Something happened. This predator saw prey in clear water. Suddenly and swiftly the eagle became a stone to fall down.

And already at the very water, on the fly, he grabbed his victim with his beak and rose abruptly upward. The fish is wiping its tail, trying to get out of its beak, but the eagle is holding its prey with a dead grip, without interrupting the flight.

Finally, he found a place for dinner away from his rivals. Important, with a proud bearing, with fire in his eyes, an eagle is arranged for a meal.