Constant signs of the adjective. Morphological signs of adjectives

Each part of speech is characterized by certain, only her characteristic signs. This allows you to group the words of the Russian language according to their grammatical properties. Their study deals with a special section of the Russian language - morphology, taking into account, inter alia, the unstable and permanent morphological characteristics of the adjective, noun, verb , etc. Knowledge of the peculiarities of the significant and official parts of speech helps to accurately produce morphological analysis and correctly construct word combinations and sentences.

In Russian there is a clear scheme of analysis. For each independent part of speech, it includes the definition of a generalized grammatical meaning (including the question), morphological features (permanent and non-permanent), syntactic function in the sentence.

What is adjective?

This is a significant part of speech, which is often used in texts of a descriptive nature. Adjectives denote constant attributes of objects and answer questions: what? whose? They enter into a semantic connection with nouns and, when forming word combinations, agree with them in number, gender, case (non-permanent signs). This part of speech can denote the property of an object without its relation ( young age ) or through the relation ( winter day, cow milk ) to other objects and phenomena. Depending on the value, three categories are allocated - this is a constant sign - an adjective. In the sentence, the words of this part of speech fulfill the function of definition or predicate.

Division into categories

The adjective can characterize an object from different sides:

• In form and position in space: a round ball, a vertical slope ;
• By size and color: a huge tree, a green lawn ;
• On physical qualities: a warm day ;
• On intellectual and physiological properties: stupid child, kind person ;
• On a temporal and spatial basis: morning paper, urban noise ;
• On the material from which the thing is made: a straw effigy ;
• By appointment: sleeping suit ;
• By accessory: uncle suitcase .

Constant signs of the adjective - this division of them into three categories: quality ( hot coffee ), relative ( winter walk ) and possessive ( father's tie ). They are based on a value that necessarily correlates with the noun.

Qualitative adjectives

The most productive group of this part of the speech. Qualitative adjectives - carriers of such a feature, which can be observed in the subject to a greater or lesser extent, which is often manifested in the formation of the degree of comparison. The second important property of this group is the use in brief form. It does not change with cases and is a predicate, that is, a predicate, in a sentence.

The permanent signs of the adjective of this category are manifested as follows.

1. A word can have along with a full short form: the table is huge .
2. The presence of a degree of comparison: this picture is more beautiful, that house is a taller, stronger fighter, the biggest holiday .
3. Ability to form the following groups of words: adverbs in -o , -e : sweeter ; Abstract nouns: greenery ; Forms containing a subjective assessment: clever ; Complex adjectives (by repetition): delicious-tasty ; A root with a prefix is not clever .
4. The ability to enter into a pair of synonyms or antonyms: g hot-cold-warm (tea) .
5. Use with adverbs with a value of the degree ALL, VERY, EXTREMELY, etc.: very heavy rain .

Not all of the above mentioned permanent signs of the adjective must necessarily appear in the word. Enough of at least one of them, so that it would be possible to classify the adjective as qualitative. By the way, some of them have only a brief form: should, glad , etc.

Many words of this category are not derived: hot, blue . Cases of their formation from nouns ( cream color ), verbs ( mobile boy ), other adjectives are also frequent: qualitative ( gloomy look) or relative and possessive - golden hands, bear walk . It should be noted and the formation of new words by the addition of crocheted or repetitive: white-white carpet .

Knowledge of all the features allows us to correctly determine the constant signs of the adjective, that is, the discharge.

Formation of degrees of comparison

The ability to manifest in an object more or less is sometimes perceived as a constant sign of the adjective. Meanwhile, the category of the degree of comparison can have several forms (this is an indication of inconstancy). It is a distinctive feature of precisely qualitative adjectives.

Formation of degrees of comparison:

As the table shows, a simple form is formed by suffixes ( -e, -ee, -he, -aish-, -eysh ), and compound words are formed by special words added to the full form ( more or less the most ) or simple comparative degree (of all ) . Another method is suppletive, that is, from another basis: the good is the best (comrade) .

Words used in a simple comparative degree do not change.

Signs of relative adjectives

It should be noted at once that this group of words does not possess any of the above qualities. The attribute they designate necessarily relates to another object or event. This is manifested in the possibility of replacing the phrase [noun + adjective] with a synonymic [noun + noun]. For example, a wooden fence = a fence of wood. The ratio of one subject to another in relative adjectives can be as follows:

• On time: last year's meeting ;
• In place: a church hymn ;
• By material: metal rod ;
• By appointment: mantel clock .

To the relative are also complex adjectives, the first part of which is the numeral name: a two-story building, a three-year-old .

Constant morphological signs of the adjective relative are also manifested in the fact that they have only the full form.

Education

The basis for relative adjectives is nouns, verbs, adverbs, and the method of formation is the suffix ( -n-, -an-, -yann-, -in-, -en-, -on-, -l- ). For example, a foggy look, a clay bowl, a lecture time, a cursory look .

Constant signs of the name of the adjective possessive

This group expresses the belonging of an object to someone: a person, an animal. First of all, they can be identified on the question: whose ? They, like relative, do not have the degree of comparison, complete and concise forms. These are the main constant signs of the adjective of this category.

A special feature of possessive adjectives is their morphemic composition. They are formed from nouns with suffixes -ov-, -ev-, -in-, -y- : fathers cabinet, mother's coat, fox ears . If the qualitative and relative adjectives- i is the ending ( blue-ego-em ), then the possessive suffix is visible when recording the transcription (sound composition) of the word. For example: fox [ l ^, is ^, -y ^, -eva ].

The transition of adjectives of one category to another

The meaning and grammatical attributes of the name of the adjective are often conditional. They can acquire a portable meaning and move from one category to another. Thus, the relative adjective often plays the role of qualitative, especially in works of art (an additional means of expressiveness). This can be seen in the example of word combinations with the adjective IRON: the door is relative, the will is qualitative.

The reverse processes are not so frequent. A qualitative adjective usually changes the category in the event that it is part of the term: light industry .

Have a similar property and possessive adjectives. And more often it refers to words related to animals. For example, the combination of the word ZAYACHIE with different nouns: a burrow (possessive), a cap (relative - of what?), Cowardice (qualitative).