Independent parts of speech

At the ranks in the Russian language, words are divided absolutely everything. Part of speech is determined by morphological features, syntactic function and lexical meaning.

Their composition was formed all the time, while the grammar of the Russian language was developing. At the present stage, separate parts of speech (full-valued) and official parts are singled out. Separate consideration of interjections, modal words and onomatopoeia.

Independent parts of speech (in some sources they are also called significant) indicate objects, quantity, properties, action, quality, condition. They have a grammatical meaning and a lexical meaning. In addition, they perform a syntactic function, speaking in the proposal as the main or secondary member.

Independent parts of speech consist of seven categories of words: a numeral name, an adjective and a noun, a verb, a pronoun, an adverb and a category of state. Not all of them can change their form through a variety of means. This ability is characteristic only of the names of adjectives, nouns, numerals, and verbs and pronouns. The category of state (lack of time, pity, rad) and adverbs do not have the means that form various forms. A small exception are qualitative adverbs that are capable of creating degrees of comparison.

On the category of state (or predicative) it is necessary to stop separately, since it is not distinguished in all grammars. This was first done by V. V. Vinogradov and L. V. Shcherba. And the understanding of the predicate is narrow and wide. In the first case, only those words which in the impersonal sentence (also in the case where the main term is expressed by an infinitive) are played in the category of states play the syntactic role of the predicate: it is sunny, cold, it is difficult to understand, one must not be silent, there is no time, it can be agreed, . In the second case, all words that belong to the category of a state are not verbs, but act as a predicate: it is impossible, just right, should, glad, obliged, it is possible, at the ready.

Grammatical signs of a predicate: use together with a bunch and the meaning of a state. In the case of a narrow understanding, the word's immutability is added here.

There is a lot of special literature, which quite convincingly justifies the ranking of the category of state to parts of speech. Indeed, there are words in the language that are not verbs, but perform the syntactic function of the predicate, as verbs. Some linguists concept of the category of state is correlated with the function of non-verbal word forms in the sentence. But, nevertheless, this issue is still problematic and remains open.

The accepted distribution by parts of speech can not be considered constant, since in a language there often occurs a transition of lexemes from one part of speech to another. However, not all words can do this freely. Some independent parts of speech are more often transferred to other independent, less often - to official. For example, adverbs can go into the category of prepositions: around, around. The meaning of pronouns appears in the nouns : The matter (this) was in the fall. The gerunds pass into prepositions and adverbs: despite, thanks, sitting, silently, standing up. Often, nouns become parts of complex unions, particles of prepositions: a joke, during, while, etc.

Parts of speech in English, as well as in Russian, are divided into full-valued (significant, independent) and official. The first ones also include those words that have a full lexical meaning, are members of the sentence and are called actions, signs and objects. English grammar refers to them an adverb, a verb, a pronoun and an adjective, a noun and a numeral.