Why do words, phraseological units serve in the language? Classification of phraseology

In Russian, as in other languages, each word has a certain lexical meaning. The word is associated with the object, phenomenon, sign, some action.

A semantic role in a language can be played not only by a word, but also by a phraseological unit. That is, phraseology joins the vocabulary.

Phraseologisms

So what is phraseology? Examples of them are well known to every person. Let's take the word "head". It is used in many word combinations: "to puzzle", "a man with a head", "to smash one's head", "a hot head". If the word from the above examples is not used in the direct sense, then it can be argued that it is part of phraseology. In addition, the meaning of the word in all combinations is not the same.

"To puzzle" - to think hard about something, to solve a difficult problem. "A man with a head" is one who does not make stupid decisions, he is wise, judicious. "Break up" - to win the final victory. "Hot head" - this is how people talk about a reckless, reckless or quick-tempered man.

A feature of the word combinations given in the examples is that they are used in "frozen," stable, unchanging grammatical and verbal forms. It is precisely these phrases of speech that are called phraseological units.

Signs of phraseological turnover

There are several signs that can give an explanation of what phraseology is. The examples given here also supplement the description of the feature.

• Stable verbal form ("collar-inverted").
• Unchanged grammatical form ("seven Fridays in a week").
• Inadmissibility of changing the order of words ("how to drink to give").
• Use in a figurative sense ("wash the bones").
• Impossibility of adding new or removing from a combination of available words. ("Chicken for a laugh").

The meaning of the word "phraseology"

The study of stable combinations of speech deals with the division of linguistics - phraseology. To understand the meaning of the term, it is enough to translate it from the Greek language. The literal translation sounds like this: "the doctrine of speech turnover".

The whole aggregate, the actual presence of stable combinations in the language, is also called phraseology.

What is the use of phraseological words for? How to use them correctly in speech? What does specific phraseology mean? These questions are of interest not only to children who have started to learn the language as a science, but also adults who have already learned a lot.

The origin of phraseological units

A person who uses phraseological units in speech should understand their meaning well. This will help him avoid comical, embarrassing situations that may arise due to misuse of words or misunderstanding of their meaning. The history of phraseology, knowledge of the sources of their occurrence in the language will allow a person to become more informed in this area.

A large group of phraseological revolutions arose from human observations of natural and social phenomena. For example, "a lot of snow is a lot of bread", "a scared crow is afraid of a bush", "an apple does not fall far from an apple tree".

Not less in number is a group of phraseological units that have emerged from mythology, biblical traditions or specific historical events. Examples of such combinations may be phraseological units: "Babel of Pandemonium", "Mamai passed", "apple of discord", "Ariadne's thread". Acquaintance with such phraseological units will open the door to the world of history or ancient mythology.

The appearance of a certain group of phraseological units is connected with the professional activity of a person, his crafts. For example, the combination of "neither fluff nor feathers" was first used among hunters and meant the desire for good prey on the hunt.

Borrowing from other languages is also a common phenomenon in phraseology. From the German language came the expression "fail at the exam."

A large group of phraseological units are combinations that are associated with the letters of the Old Slavonic alphabet. Examples are such phraseological units: "start with the basics", "dot the i", "give good."

"More terrible than the cat is no beast", "You all sang - this is the case", "Go there - I do not know where." Here are examples of stable combinations that came to the language from folk and literary works.

Modern art forms can become a source of phraseological units : cinema, literature, theater.

Classification of phraseology

None of the existing types of classification of phraseological units, in the opinion of linguistic scientists, can not be considered exhaustive. The main reason for this is a large number of transitional forms of phraseological combinations, which sometimes can not be attributed to any particular type.

The subjective approach in the definition of groups of phraseological units also takes place among linguists. This fact leads to the fact that new terms appear in the discipline in place of those already existing. In this situation, the emergence of confusion is simply inevitable.

From what has been said, we can conclude that the classification of phraseological units is a question that scientists have to solve in the future.

However, today the classification is used more often than others, taking into account the degree of "adhesion", the combination of words within phraseology. Proceeding from this, the following groups are distinguished: fusion (idioms), phraseological unity and combinations. A separate group consists of proverbs, sayings, aphorisms, and winged expressions.

Idioms

A significant part of the phraseology is idioms (fusion). Translation from Greek allows you to understand the meaning of this term. Idios means "strange", "extraordinary".

For fusion is characteristic that the meaning of the whole phraseology can not be summed up from the meanings of the words that make up it. This can be explained by the fact that idioms came to the language from ancient times.

Examples of such phraseological units: "marvel at it", "badly out of the blue", "beat the buckets", "sharpen the lashes".

Phraseological units of this type are characteristic of a specific language, and their literal translation into other languages is impossible without loss of meaning. For example, consider how you can describe the situation when people meet alone.

In Russian they will say that they met "face to face". To the speakers of this language, the meaning of what has been said will be very clear. The French will describe the situation with the words: tête-à-tête. Translation of the expression into Russian will cause a smile - "head with a head" means this expression. From English, face to face will be translated as "face to face". A German zwischen den vier Augen will mean "between the four eyes."

On this example, one can once again make sure that idioms are original expressions that can exist in the language of a particular people, their meaning is understandable only when words are used together is indivisible.

Phraseological Unities

In the Russian language there are figurative turns of speech, the lexical meaning of which can be revealed to some extent, relying on the meaning of the words that make up them. These phrases of speech are usually called phraseological unity. Examples: "throw dust in your eyes," "put your teeth on the shelf," "zero attention," "like water from a gusher."

One of the features of phraseological unity is that it has a direct and figurative meaning. For example, "go to a standstill." The first meaning is direct - to be in the part of the road from which there is no escape, and the figurative meaning is not to see the way out of the existing life situation.

Phraseological combinations

There is another significant group of phraseological units, which was called "phraseological combinations." This includes words with free and related meanings. At the same time, the integral semantic meaning of phraseology is made up of the individual meanings of the words that make up it. "A bosom friend", "sensitive issue", "sworn enemy", "raspquat nose" - examples of such combinations.

Write the phraseological units of this group can be differently, that is, it is possible to replace in it at least one word - "burn out with shame", "burn with hatred," "burn with love," "burn with jealousy."

Phraseological expressions

A special group of phraseological units are familiar proverbs from childhood, sayings, winged words, aphorisms. To her it is possible to carry speech stamps. Such lexical units are called "phraseological expressions."

Compared with other types of phraseology, this group is most commonly used in colloquial and bookish speech.

Phraseological terms-synonyms

Sometimes you can find different phraseological units, denoting the same phenomenon, the object, the sign, the action. Phraseologisms of this kind can belong to one or more languages.

For example, in Russian, the phraseology "to make of an elephant fly" is well known to all, which means "to exaggerate the significance of an event". Phraseology with a similar meaning exists in other languages. "To make a fork out of a needle" - that's what they say in Poland. In Czech, too, there is an expression with a similar meaning. It sounds like this: "make a camel out of a gnat". And in English there is a phraseology "to make a mountain out of a molehill."

Phraseological terms-synonyms can exist in one language. For example, consider the situation when it is necessary to say how the person works. That its action was described brightly and figuratively, one of the existing phraseological units is most accurately used - "to work hard," "to roll up your sleeves," "to work with the sweat of your face."

Pronouns in phraseological theories

If one looks at stable combinations from the point of view of the use of different parts of speech in them, it can be noted that phraseological units with pronouns are very often encountered. In this case, the most common are possessive, reflexive, definitive pronouns. Examples of such phraseological units: "to be at one's own pace", "pull yourself together", "pull yourself out", "bear on your shoulders" and many others.

Phraseologisms with pronouns clearly characterize the person, give him an assessment, reflect the behavior, state and his activities.

Why is the phraseology used in the language?

Phraseological turns decorate speech, making it imaginative, expressive. Stable combinations enrich a person's vocabulary, which allows him to express himself most accurately and clearly. Having used phraseology, a person can express a deep, deep thought accurately and concisely - in two or three words.

Phraseological units are able to decorate the language of literary works, therefore writers and poets use this means extensively, making their creations vivid, inimitable and colorful.

Attention to the history of the emergence of phraseological units, their significance will allow anyone to improve their general level of knowledge.

A person, reflecting on the question, for which the words of the phraseological term serve in the language, involuntarily comes to the conclusion that these stable combinations are a kind of reminder of the way of life and culture of the people, its centuries-old traditions, historical experience. Phraseologisms are the memory of people who belong to a particular national culture.

Phraseological dictionaries

The lexical meaning of phraseological units, the history of their appearance in the language, the permissible forms of use can be found in one of the phraseological dictionaries. Today they are published quite a lot.

The material of the reference books is divided into dictionary entries. They collected all the available information about this or that phraseology. In improving the culture of speech, enriching the vocabulary, such a dictionary can be invaluable.

In addition, experts note that the available stock of phraseological units - this is the richness of the language - is used by the people not completely, limitedly. Therefore, some of the philologists even advise you to learn new expressions for yourself. After such exercises, a person better begins to understand why the words are used in the language for phraseological units and use them in speech.