What is speech and language? Russian language and culture of speech. Proverbs about speech and language

Modern science refers to a person as homo sapiens. At the same time, however, there is one more, no less significant definition - homo lingualis , which in literal translation means "a person speaking". To every phenomenon, whether it is presented materially or abstractly, we give a name that is clearly associated in our minds with reality.

The picture of the world, which is given to every representative of modern mankind, is primarily linguistic, and it is expressed in a number of aspects. When you mention a word (and in any language we know), the image of the subject immediately pops up in the mind. Moreover, the tendency to call unfamiliar phenomena, things and feelings by certain names is one of the most significant in modern mankind.

Linguistic problem

Such components of our life as language and speech have long ceased to surprise us. We treat them as something that does not need to be explained, interpreted or delineated. About the same as speech and language, we are not philologists, we almost never think, and for many, these phenomena are a priori identical, which, of course, is not true.

Oddly enough, the awareness of the difference in these concepts has come to the minds of linguists relatively recently. At the beginning of the twentieth century, he spoke about what speech and language are, Ferdinand de Saussure is a Swiss linguist and discoverer of the topic that interests us in this article. Since then, the problem has become one of the leading in modern linguistics in particular and philology in general.

The question of abstractness and specifics

In order to talk about what speech and language are, you need to clearly understand the differences between them. In particular, they are expressed in the very existence of these phenomena.

Language, as you know, is an organized, strictly ordered system of signs that has norms and standards. It is specifically presented, structured and studied, fixed in the mind.

If we talk about speech and language, we should pay attention to the dependence of one on the other. In particular, without an advanced linguistic system, it is practically impossible to create an utterance, which, in fact, is a manifestation of speech.

Characteristics of the sign system

Speaking of language, we understand the phenomenon of social, accessible to all, which is one of its main features. An example is the national language, with which everyone is familiar, from small to large, within one country. The whole population is able to operate with available knowledge and ideas, generating a statement, writing down the text, reading fiction.

This is a kind of material for speech and our thinking. The actual idea that we use so skillfully in our life.

The second feature of the actual language can be called its normalization, severity and limitations. Interesting in this respect seems to be the understanding by us of certain signs (any, not actually linguistic ones).

Russian language and Russian speech, like any other, are close to each other as closely as possible. They are in constant interaction: the framework of the language is expanded by the transition to live speech, and that, in turn, is normalized due to the existing system of signs.

Features of speech

A certain specificity is present in this phenomenon. The Russian language and Russian speech are opposed to each other also at the social level. In the first case, we should talk about the phenomenon of a maximally common, peculiar to each representative of the nation or several nations. Language is primarily social - a single sign system exists for all practically unchanged.

Speech is a deeply personal phenomenon, generated by every single person at the moment of communication. In a sense, we can say that speech is the realization of a language at a particular moment in time.

Interaction with time

This is one of the most significant differences. Namely time extension. Language exists in our minds outside of time, completely independent of it. A feature of speech is its one-stage, existence only at the moment of generation of the utterance. In this case it is necessary to understand not only the oral speech with which we come across daily, but also written, and even internal.

From general to specific

So, when we have determined what are the similarities and differences between speech and language, we turn to particular manifestations and aspects. Each of us has ever heard such a phrase as "language and culture of speech". In many schools and universities with a humanitarian bias, there are separate disciplines with this name. Its very name speaks about the importance, the need to comprehend certain rules and norms.

The Russian language and the culture of speech are phenomena connected, but not identical. The second component of this phrase is considered to be one of the linguistic sciences. The subject of its study seems at first sight rather simple: the language and culture of speech are studied in terms of normality, correctness in relation to communication.

Nevertheless, in reality everything is not as simple as it seems. The culture of speech is, first of all, one of the areas of spiritual culture, directly related to the implementation of the language in practice.

For everyone and everyone

On the one hand, the culture of speech is the norms formed over time, the heritage of one community or another, manifested in the consciousness of the whole people. On the other hand, this phenomenon concerns every utterance, a particular case in the life of an individual. It is the ability of each of us to use the language correctly, correctly in relation to one or another communicative situation.

First of all, the culture of speech is connected, of course, with the literary language, generally accepted for all. However, it is no less dependent on the territorial location and traditions of the people. And what will be true for some will not be entirely acceptable to others. An example is dialect speech, which from the point of view of literary norms turns out to be wrong, but in itself has its own norms and limitations. Thus, we can say that the Russian language and the culture of speech are phenomena, although they are well-established, but quite mobile.

Special speech environment

An important role is played by the environment of its existence in relation to the culture of speech. The further the humanity moves forward, the more it turns to virtual space. All sorts of chat rooms, electronic correspondence, forums and websites require the ability to operate with separate language and speech norms.

On this topic, written a lot of work, which details the features of Internet communication.

Building understanding

How do we learn this very culture of speech? The first and most significant contribution in this respect is made by our family. The rules and norms for reproductive production are instilled in us from the very childhood. From our grandmothers and grandfathers, and then teachers in the school, we constantly hear proverbs about speech and language that are deposited deep in our minds, staying there for life. Then, verbal and linguistic norms are taught to us in school at lessons.

Teaching students

This problem in school education is given very great attention, since it is the mastery of linguistic and speech norms that has the greatest influence on the formation of the personality. That is why the lesson "Language and Speech" is conducted in each class until the very end of the school.

How does the love for language develop for children? A simple explanation of the rules and rules for this is not enough. The purpose of this kind requires the use of a huge amount of factual material, which can be used not only quotes from the literature, but also proverbs about speech and language. In a sense, it is precisely examples of this kind that are more effective by their nature. It is unlikely that many will literally quote Turgenev, Tolstoy or Griboyedov, but they know absolutely everything about how to "bring" the language. Proverbs and stable expressions strongly settle in our minds, forming ideas about the culture of speech. Everyone, for example, knows the expression "what's on your mind, then in the language" or "do not want to say, so the language does not move."

In the subject "Russian language" the theme "Speech" is considered one of the most important, most significant in school education. That is why it needs maximum attention. After all, it is at such lessons that the personality is formed in children, the outlook is determined and the most important skills in life appear - communication skills.