Urinalysis: Types and Methods of Collection

Of course, many of us have already passed urine tests at some point in life. After all, even a child knows that the results of the study help identify some diseases or control their condition. Therefore, urine is an important "tool" for the clinical diagnosis of human health.

However, the information obtained from the analysis may depend on the way the material is collected. What kinds of urine tests and their characteristics exist, we will consider in the framework of this article. In addition, we will find out how to properly collect and transport the material for research.

What is this for?

First of all, let's determine what you need to take urine for analysis in the laboratory:

• To check for diseases or infections of the urinary tract. Symptoms can be very different: a bad smell of urine, pain during urination, impurities of blood, pain in the side and others.
• To control the condition of various diseases, such as diabetes, kidney stones, urinary tract infections, high blood pressure, or certain kidney and liver diseases.
• For regular physical examination, urinalysis is also performed, the types of which are determined by the doctor.

How to prepare?

• Before you take urine for analysis, do not eat foods that can color it. Namely: blackberries, beets, rhubarb and others.
• Do not exercise intensively before the test.
• It is important for women to tell their doctor about cycles of menstruation. If necessary, the specialist will postpone urine analysis for several days. The types and methods of conducting such a study are assigned individually.
• Your doctor in charge may also ask you not to take some time medications that affect the color of urine (usually B vitamins, Rifampicin and Phenytoin).
• If you are taking diuretics, be sure to tell your doctor. Because they can significantly affect the results of research.

Now we will carefully examine the way urine is analyzed, what kinds and methods of collection occur.

Express test

The fastest way to check urine is an express test. It is carried out in the framework of planned surveys (in the office of the family doctor or when entering the hospital) or when patients find stomach, stomach or back pain. This analysis can be done using a special strip with small colored fields, which must be immersed in a vessel for a few seconds. Then the doctor compares the color of urine with the color of the fields and determines its state. Only an expert can determine what fluid concentration indicates its deviation from the norm.

The test will help to identify the following problems:

• High protein level, which becomes a sign of jade (inflammation of the kidneys);
• Detection of sugar and ketone in urine - a sign of high blood sugar;
• Leukocytes and nitrites indicate the appearance of a bacterial infection.

It is important to note that this analysis is not always reliable, therefore it is better to conduct a test in the laboratory.

Clinical (general) examination

This type of analysis is part of a planned examination or conducted before entering the hospital. Basically, it is used to find the cause of liver, kidney, urinary tract infections and bleeding in the urinary system. It can also be used to check the incorrect result of the rapid test. The complete analysis is carried out in the laboratory, as a rule, in 3 stages:

1. Assessment of color and concentration of urine (physical indicators).
2. The study of the chemical composition of the fluid, which includes several additional tests for pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin, nitrites, urobilinogen and leukocyte esterase.
3. Experts diagnose types of urine tests on bacteria under a microscope.

The results of the conducted researches help to reveal also the following problems:

• High cholesterol in the blood;
• The detection of urinary casts will indicate the development of renal diseases;
• In addition, quantitative urine tests can be performed to help diagnose a variety of specific disorders such as endocrine diseases, bladder cancer, osteoporosis and porphyria (a group of disorders caused by chemical imbalance).

If the doctor revealed any abnormalities in the clinical study, then he recommends the patient such kinds of urinalysis for infection: Nechiporenko analysis and Zimnitsky analysis.

Nechiporenko Analysis

These are laboratory tests that are performed to determine the content of 1 ml of urine in white blood cells, red blood cells and cylinders to assess the condition of the urinary tract and kidney. This type of analysis is prescribed at the following indications:

• Latent hematuria (blood in the urine);
• Monitoring the effectiveness of treatment;
• Latent inflammation in the kidneys and urinary tract.

The Nechiporenko analysis is more specific than other types of urinalysis. How to collect the material, consider below:

• The day before, one should refrain from drinking alcohol, vegetables and fruits, which change the color of urine;
• Before the collection you need to purchase hygiene procedures;
• In the prepared clean and dry container it is necessary to collect no more than 20-30 ml of morning urine;
• To bring it to the laboratory it is necessary for 2 hours.

Normal indicators:

• Leukocytes - 2000 in 1 ml of urine;
• Erythrocytes - 1000;
• Cylinders - 20.

Analysis of urine according to Zimnitsky

This type of research is unique. It helps to assess the condition of the kidneys and to identify at an early stage the insufficiency of these organs, as well as to track the dynamics of the course of the disease.

Indications for this type of study:

• Chronic glomerulonephritis;
• diabetes;
• Signs of kidney failure;
• Hypertensive heart disease;
• Chronic pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys).

Of course, urinalysis, types, ways of collecting at each diagnosis are different. Collect material for research on Zimnitskiy need utmost attention. You must prepare eight clean jars and each sign for the number of urination (1, 2, 3 and so on). It is necessary to start the collection at 6.00 am, and then every three hours. Remember that pouring urine into one container is strictly prohibited. Before transporting to the laboratory, place the containers in the refrigerator. Try this day to maintain your normal diet and diet. Do not forget about the observance of hygiene rules so that harmful bacteria and microbes do not get into the jars.

Results of the study in the event of a deviation from the norm:

• A decrease in the relative density of urine per serving (below 1020 g / l) indicates renal and cardiac failure, exacerbation of pyelonephritis;
• High density (over 1035 g / l) can occur with accelerated decay of red blood cells, chronic or acute glomerulonephritis, as well as in diabetes.

Analysis of Kakowski-Addis. Method of Amburge

As a rule, these types of urine tests are performed in children, since they are convenient to use even for children up to 3 years. Assign to patients if abnormalities in the general test are found if there are suspicions of the appearance of kidney and urinary tract diseases, as well as for detailed control over the course of the already identified disease.

The results of the studies help to identify the occurrence of inflammatory processes (cystitis, glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis), as well as to monitor the functioning of the kidneys and urinary tract.

Collect the material for analysis in two ways:

• Within 12 hours;
• Throughout the day.

What is sowing?

What else is urine test? Types and methods of research are discussed in detail in our article. Sowing is carried out in order to see if there are microbes or harmful bacteria, and also to determine their appearance.

In the laboratory, a jar of urine is put in a container. Then, small growth medium plates for microorganisms are placed in a sample and closed tightly. Then the container is put in the incubator for 2 days. If there are fungi or bacteria in the urine, they will grow significantly during this time.

If microbes were found during the study, the patient is given the type of antibiotics needed to fight them.

Urinalysis by Sulkovich

This type of research is used as a screening test for the early diagnosis of endocrine diseases and a disorder of calcium metabolism. To obtain more accurate results, doctors recommend that before the analysis, do not eat dairy and meat products, fruits and vegetables, or drink tea and coffee. Try to include in the diet only cereals, cooked on the water.

Before collecting urine, follow these recommendations:

• You can not eat for 8 hours, children - 6 hours;
• Follow the hygiene of the genitals so that microbes do not get into the urine sample;
• The material should be collected in a sterile container and taken to a hospital.

In laboratory conditions, specialists will add the Sulkovich reagent to the urine, which will help determine the amount of calcium and bilirubin.

Daily analysis

This test consists of collecting urine during the day in the following sequence:

• The first sample after awakening is not used, but the time of urination is noted;
• After that, every drop of material is collected in a jar;
• When within 24 hours you emptied the bladder, you need to take the doctor a special container in which the substance has already been placed to prevent the growth of bacteria, and pour the entire collected liquid into it;
• During collection, store the jar in the refrigerator.

Diagnostic results show how many certain substances (such as proteins, hormones, salts and other metabolic products) are excreted from the body. If specialists found in the urine too little metabolic creatinine, then there is a suspicion of a decrease in the efficiency of the kidneys. A high level of protein can be caused by heart failure, diabetes, urinary tract infection, kidney disease. Some disorders of the endocrine system increase the number of hormones and products of their metabolism in the urine.

Pregnancy test

Of course, they conduct such kinds of urine tests in women. If your menstrual cycle does not start, you can use tests to check if you are pregnant. Most studies can determine this already on the tenth day of conception. However, they are not always reliable. You can buy tests in any pharmacy.

Conduct these kinds of urine tests during pregnancy, usually in the morning, after waking. The exact instructions can be found in the leaflet. After urination, collect a small amount of morning urine in a container and dip the test-stick into it for a few seconds. After five minutes, he will show if you are pregnant or not.

It is important to note that the test results can sometimes be false. This happens in cases where a woman spends it too early, takes specific medications or drinks too much fluid before the test. Only the doctor will tell you for sure whether you are pregnant or not.

Types of urinalysis in children

Doctors can, for various reasons, assign a urinalysis to the child. As a rule, these are preventive goals, the appearance of abnormalities in the general analysis of urine or the control of an already detected disease.

Consider the main types of urinalysis in children:

• General (clinical) examination of urine.
• The Nechiporenko test.
• Analysis of Zimnitskiy.
• Diagnosis by Kakowski-Addis.
• Technique of Amburge.
• Sulkovich's trial.
• Bacteriological culture of urine.
• Räberg's test.

Types of urinalysis during pregnancy

Since the moment the pregnant woman has registered with a gynecologist, she will be recommended to give a general urine test during the entire period of gestation. If any abnormalities are found in this study, the doctor will advise you to perform a urine test for Nechiporenko or Zimnitsky, as well as bacteriological studies to identify infections.

Such control will help a specialist to assess the condition of the bladder, to determine the kidney disease, the appearance of sugar and gestational diabetes, which can develop during the twentieth week of pregnancy. A high protein level will indicate an inflammation of the urinary tract. Elevated ketone levels indicate that the woman's body is dehydrated. It is not recommended to carry out an independent analysis of urine to pregnant women. All actions need to be discussed with the doctor.

Conclusion

Summarizing, we can draw conclusions:

• The analysis of urine, types and methods of collection are completely different, and they should be carried out only on the recommendation of the doctor;
• Some studies can be done on their own, for example, an express test and a pregnancy test;
• Other types of diagnosis are performed exclusively in the laboratory to detect any abnormalities;
• To reduce the chance of contamination of urine by bacteria, watch for hygiene.