Underground crossings, construction. Unusual underground passages in Moscow

Back in the USSR, in connection with the growing burden on the streets of cities, as in other countries at that time, large-scale construction of transitions under the ground began. Why underground? Because they do not violate the architectural appearance of cities, unlike land ones. Another two pluses - the ability to combine them with the outputs from the metro stations, and they are the most convenient and safe for pedestrians.

What is an underground pedestrian crossing?

The transition is a tunnel under the carriageway of a street or a railway with steps leading to it. Steps are often equipped with flat paths for the convenience of lowering bicycles, wheelchairs and children.

During the Soviet Union, they had only functional significance for the transition of pedestrians, and after the collapse of the country they began to install billboards, stalls, shops.

There are cases when large underground transitions are converted into shopping centers. In such cases, the entrances to the night crossings are closed. In undergrounds of large cities, exits from stations often go to underground passages. The metro of most cities is built in this way.

There are many abandoned and unfinished transitions in cities, which are often of interest to diggers.

According to the projects of many town planners there are places that can only be accessed through underground passages. This place is in Berlin - the area in the Tiergarten park, because this area is surrounded on all sides by the roadway. And in Simferopol there is a similar transition under the area of Amet-Khan Sultan. All its tunnels open onto an open underground area with kiosks (central market). Similar transitions exist in other cities.

Underground transitions - ways to solve problems

One of the most effective ways to solve such problems is the development of underground space. This is evidenced by world practice.

In Russia, large objects of various purposes are under construction. These are tunnels, parking lots, garages, industrial premises, warehouses, lines of overlap with metro stations. In large volumes, pedestrian crossings are also being built in order to ensure the safety of people and unload the land part of city streets.

Construction of underground passages, requirements

The complexity and considerable level of responsibility of such underground structures, their great influence on the existing surrounding structures, put forward demands, the observance of which is very important in the design and construction of these facilities.

The main ones are:

1) Careful study of the soil properties to a greater depth , the development of forecasts of all possible changes in their condition, as well as a survey of the grounds of closely spaced objects.

2) Technologies used in the construction of underground facilities should ensure the safety of the surrounding objects (monuments of history and architecture). To do this, it is desirable to use mathematical modeling of the change in the state of the soil massif.

3) The most important and paramount condition is the protection of erected underground structures from groundwater.

European Transitions

Unlike in Russia, in the western countries underground passages in city streets are very rare.

There are, of course, transitions combined with metro stations, which basically perform the function to go to the right side of the street. Usually in these countries use ground crossings.

Consider a few cities in Europe.

London is a city comparable in scale (population) with Moscow. There, just as in Russia, there is a problem of separating large pedestrian flows and a huge amount of transport. Everything is different there. In this city there are about 300 crossings (2 times less than in Moscow). The main direction in the country is the replacement of all transitions to street ones, where possible.

Paris is also comparable to Moscow. However, in the center of Paris, underground and surface transitions are completely absent, except for those combined with metro stations. People cross a multi-lane street through the "zebra".

Also things are in Rome, Florence and Stockholm.

Transitions of the capital of Russia

Moscow, in addition to unique monuments of architecture and museums on the surface, has its own sights among underground objects, including pedestrian crossings.

October 16 in 1959 in Moscow was built the first underground passage for people. Since then, there have been many, and some of them can be called the creation of art. Many underground passages of Moscow store in themselves the memory of the past.

Unusual, unique transitions of Moscow

In the passage near the House-Museum named after Marina Tsvetaeva, you can read numerous quotes and aphorisms of this great poetess. And everything is formalized using not only Russian, but also several Western European languages, which testifies to the worldwide significance of the talented poet's creativity.

Thus, the transition performs two functions: the popularization of the works of genius and a tribute to the amazing poetess.

The transition to Vozdvizhenka is another worship of the great writer, where the designers created a very cognitive and beautiful spectacle dedicated to Gogol. On the walls you can see the most famous philosophical quotes of the classic.

An unusual and creative approach is used by many authors, making out underground passages.

At the Moscow Museum, the transition is a kind of window in the last century. Here you can walk near artisans, traders, old people and many other people of the city from past eras. Talented artists here recreated the atmosphere of the early twentieth century.

With the use of photographic materials, a passage near the Mayakovsky Museum is decorated . Employees of this cultural institution hung on the vaults of the transition photos of the poet, imprinted it from infancy to the last months of life. Here are also excerpts of autobiographical from the work "I myself", just hotel phrases. Who was interested, they themselves will find the continuation of the statements. Very instructive and informative.

Today, throughout the world, there has been an increase in the construction of underground transitions, especially in large cities. This is due to the fact that the concentration of the population in the cities and the number of the automobile fleet are constantly growing. And the latter contributes to the emergence of almost all modern urban problems - ecological, territorial, transport and energy.