Tysyatsky is an elective post in Novgorod. How to choose tysyatskys and what was their duty

The Novgorod Republic occupies a separate position in the history of Ancient Rus. For a number of reasons on these lands the princely power did not become absolute. The board in Novgorod was carried out by the general gathering of adult free men. Such a gathering was called a veche. The veche decided on which prince to call to the reign and for how long, here was carried out the selection of candidates for posts that allowed to manage the city and the republic as a whole. One of these posts was called "Tysyatsky". This name comes from the word "thousand" and denotes the chief (leader) of a certain number of people.

Elections in Novgorod. Osho

All the officials in Novgorod were not appointed, but were elected to the veche. It was the veche that established contractual relations with other lands, called princes, declared war and concluded peace; By order of this council, an army or civilian militia was assembled, taxes were established, archbishops were elected, foreign representatives were granted trade rights, etc. Veche was convened quite often, but a permanent authority in Novgorod was exercised by the authorities. The highest positions in the ospos were occupied by wealthy merchants and rich landowners. They were assisted by other elected representatives in Novgorod, their posts were called posadnik, elders of Kanchan, Sotsky, Tysyatsky. These were the actual rulers of Novgorod. The archbishop was in charge of the case, which, along with church affairs, supervised the conduct of the veche, observed the order at meetings, and dealt with land and political issues.

How to choose tysyatskih. Living people

Tysyatsky is an elective office. Originally tysyatskogo was chosen from living people - small and medium-sized landowners who possessed their own plots of land, but were not considered at the same time nobles. People rarely farmed their land independently. Usually land plots were rented by them, and the received profit was invested in various trading enterprises. They could not head the city council. If the posadniks are usually from the richest families of Novgorod, the Tysyatskys were recruited from the middle classes. The period on which the thousandth in the Old Rus was chosen is one year. Acting posadnik, tysyatsky were called sedate people. Those who previously held these positions, but already resigned, were called old. After the XIV century. Tysyatskins were recruited only from the boyars, and the position gradually became elected from the elected. Since the thousandth in Ancient Rus is primarily the executive power, the boyars did not want this people to be occupied by the people of the lower classes. Later, with the strengthening of princely power in the territory of the Novgorod principality and the elevation of the Moscow principality, the post became appointed, and in place of the thousandth became people from the prince's inner circle.

Military duties tysyatskih

Tysyatsky is one of the key positions in the Novgorod Principality. Since at that time there was no clear division of power, the Tysyatskis partially fulfilled the duties of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The powers of the tysyatskoy were determined by the veche and controlled by the ospoda.

First of all, the thousandth in Novgorod headed the city 's militia. Such voluntary armed detachments consisted of free citizens who were drafted into wartime to arms. Tysyatsky observed the general preparation of the militia, followed the order in the army, was responsible for the construction of defensive fortifications. In his department there was a military court - the prototype of a modern tribunal. The Thousand Court carried out militias for war crimes, robbery, looting and desertion. Under the control of the thousandth was an urban arsenal. Thousands obeyed posadnikam - the chief executive in the Novgorod republic.

Civil duties of the Tysyatskys

Partly executive and judicial power in Novgorod also seemed tysyatskimi. It was these officials who decided to convene a people's congress, and announced to the people about decisions taken at the veche. Tysyatsky in Novgorod carried out police supervision of law and order. In his department were hundreds of small agents and scammers, who handed over to the authorities all information about the life of the city. In addition, the subordinates of the tysyatskogo had the right to conduct round-ups and organize searches, they also called to the court, informed about the crimes, informed the people about the decisions taken by the authorities.

The judicial duties of the Tysyatskys

Civil court decisions were made by the Tysyatsk principally in the commercial sphere. In their department there were lawsuits relating to permits for various trade transactions and trade disputes. In addition, the tysyatskiy made decisions and passed sentences in cases involving minor offenses and law and order.

After the conquest of the Novgorod Republic, the evening form of self-government ceased to exist. Together with her, the old elective posts of the Novgorod freemen were also gone.