Typology of political systems as a science

According to R.-J. Schwarzenberg, political science today resembles Penelope, which destroys everything created in a day. Many political scientists are trying to create new theories, pre-rejecting or destroying everything created before them.

Modern political theories that emerged in the twentieth century, can be divided into the following:

• Postbihevirologism. It is based on T. Parson's functionalism. This theory views the political sphere as a dynamic, sustainable process, and does not take into account its conflict.

• Postpositivism considers only theories confirmed by practice to be scientific, and recognizes the remaining provisions as not valuable and rejects them.

• Neoliberalism calls for strengthening the role of the state, using its social opportunities to prevent all possible conflicts. The main provisions: the creation of social protection, the development of the market, competition, state activity in all sectors of the economy.

• Neoconservatism. Speaking for market freedom, the creation of competition follows the Darwinian theory. According to this doctrine, the weak should go bankrupt, the strong ones - get rich.

• Social-Democratism split into a modernist trend and a traditional one.

• Neo-Marxism.

• Humanism, which preaches the theory of nonviolence.

In addition to these theories, there are others that have received somewhat less distribution. This is the theory of apocalypse, the doctrine of totalitarianism and its essence, etc.

All theories differ in their approach to the consideration of political issues, but they are similar in that each of them has the notion of a "political regime", i.e. Features of the functioning of state power. It is characterized by the degree of freedom, methods, the measure of the participation of individuals in management, different statuses.

The concept of political regime is one of the components of the term "typology of political systems".

Typology is a specialized method of searching for stable correspondences when comparing similar objects or phenomena. It is necessary for ordering everything that is known about this or that subject.

Typology of political systems:

• delineates the main (necessary) and secondary (irregular) signs of all political devices studied in the process of research .

• Describes the set of systems under study, creates a complete and orderly theory of their structure.

• It is the most important tool for the scientific forecast of the further development of political systems of various types.

The typology of political systems can be theoretical, i.e. Built by a concrete researcher on the basis of the ideal model he invented. Such a theory is a priori in nature, and its confirmation, refutation comes in the process of analysis.

The empirical typology of political systems is based on the material accumulated in the process of studying specific, known properties of the object. Its leading difference from the theoretical is a clear concretization of all the properties of the studied political systems, the creation of classification, the separation of objects into typical groups.

Both typologies should act as a single whole, because from the theoretical calculations one must proceed to concrete results, defined concepts.

Strict and complete is a typology of political systems that:

• Exhaustively covers the systems studied.

• Uses essential criteria that reveal typical features of systems.

• Uniformly group the studied systems.

• Is integral, it expresses not only the main characteristics of the system, but also gives an idea of their interrelationships.

It is generally accepted today that the typology of political systems of Almond is considered.

He compares the systems, taking the starting point of their political culture and those roles played by the government, the media, the party, etc. On the basis of these signs, he singles out the political systems of the Anglo-American, totalitarian, pre-industrial and European continental type. Almond gives a characterization of all the distinguished types, shows their differences and similarities.