Types of speech activity. Main characteristics

Speech is a historically formed form of communication between people using language constructs formed according to certain rules. The concept of speech activity is characterized by a process consisting of interrelated actions, presupposing, on the one hand, the formation and formulation of thoughts with the use of linguistic means, and the perception and understanding of linguistic structures on the other.

In the study of social communication, various definitions are used, often mutually replacing each other. So, for example, the concepts "speech activity and its kinds", "communication", "communication" often become synonyms. In particular, this applies to the last two terms.

It should be noted that in linguistics "speech activity" is considered one of the aspects - it is distinguished along with the language system and the speech organization. Some authors term the communicative process as a material that includes a complex of separate acts of understanding and speaking.

Speech activity has the following main types: reading, listening (listening), speaking, writing. This understanding is included in the methodology of teaching the language (foreign, including).

Types of speech activity. Speaking.

This concept characterizes any sounding speech. Historically, speaking is the primary language form, which arose much earlier than the letter. From a material point of view, oral speech is sound waves. Pronounced is the result of the activity of certain human organs (voice apparatus). Intonation is the totality of the voice of the utterance, the tempo (increasing or slowing down), duration, volume (intensity), melody. Of great importance in oral speech is given to the absence or presence of pauses, the degree of clarity in pronunciation, the ability to correctly place logical stresses. Speaking, possessing an intonational variety, is able to convey the fullness of emotions, emotions, moods.

Types of speech activity. Letter.

This kind of human language activity is an auxiliary system of signs used to fix speaking (sound speech). At the same time, the letter can be called an independent structure. In addition to the function of speech recording (oral), the written system allows you to absorb the accumulated knowledge, expanding the scope of communication.

The main purpose of the letter is to fix the spoken word in order to save it. This kind of speech activity is used in communication between those people who are separated by time, distance. It should be noted that the role of the letter has significantly decreased, due to the appearance of the phone.

Types of speech activity. Listening (listening).

Auditing is a process that involves both direct and indirect (via audio, radio and other) interaction between the listener and the speaker.

In the first case (with direct contact), the interlocutors have the opportunity to apply not only language forms (verbal communication), but also means of non-verbal communication (facial expressions, gestures, gestures) that contribute to more effective perception and understanding.

Types of speech activity. Reading.

In accordance with simple definitions, reading is characterized as a process of extracting information from printed or handwritten text.

This specific form of human language communication is one of the mediated types of communication. At the same time, reading is not perceived as a one-sided impact on the reader. It is not expressed by passive perception, assimilation of content. Reading involves active interaction between the recipient (reader) and the communicator (the author of the text).