Types of chrysanthemums and special care

Class Dicotyledons, subclasses Asterides, order Astrochrome, family Difficult-colored (Astrological), subfamily Astrological, perennial or annual - all this is about chrysanthemum. It is used in gardening as a valuable late flowering plant, and is also the leading cut culture, occupying the second most popular place after the rose.

The history of the "golden flower"

In the culture of China - literature and painting, floral symbolism is of great importance. Up to now, an archaeological find has come - a vase with a picture of chrysanthemums, which is 2500 years old. Notable people cultivated a few species of chrysanthemums then as evidence of their noble origin.

Golden-yellow inflorescences, which almost did not differ from wild-growing, were used not only as decorative, but also as medicinal and edible plants.

In the landscape design, green species of chrysanthemums are popular, the photos of which are presented here.

With Chrysanthemum, the Chinese are associated with many images. Yellow - symbolizes serene happiness. Chrysanthemum in hoarfrost - stamina and sublime solitude. In China, it is customary to present drawings depicting various kinds of chrysanthemums as a sign of the wish for wealth and abundance for the holidays.

In VII, in chrysanthemum, I went to Japan, where I became an unofficial national symbol. "Kiku" is the sun, as the Japanese call it. The sharp petals, which are always 16 in the image, represent the sun's rays that give life. Kiku is a sign of divine power, longevity and happiness, a symbol of perfection.

In the XVIII in chrysanthemum finds his fans in Europe and America.

Karl Linnaeus, the founder of the system for the classification of species of all life on Earth, appropriated the name of the flower chrysanthemum, which in Greek means "golden flower".

The species, names of chrysanthemums and varieties over the long years of breeding have increased significantly.

For a long time the breeders preferred large varieties of flowers. Now more and more hybrid Korean or garden chrysanthemums are grown.

Description of chrysanthemum

Rhizomes branched, thickened, located at a depth of 25 cm. Under them, stolons form - elongated lateral shoots, on which shortened stems with leaves develop. The shoots are erect, often branched, with a height of 25 to 150 cm. The leaves are dissected, smooth or pubescent.

The lingual flowers in the baskets determine the shape of the bud. Description and species of chrysanthemums are presented in the international classification of the Dresden Horticultural Institute. They are divided into 2 groups - simple and terry. Groups, in turn, are divided into classes. The group of simple chrysanthemums includes 3 classes - non-marble, terry and anemone. To terry are bent dangling, flat, hemispherical, spherical, curly, pomponous, spiderlike.

All modern varieties are divided:

• Large-flowered - with the removal of side buds it is able to form 1 inflorescence up to 30 cm in diameter;

• Bouquet (branched) - have the form of a bush with large baskets (10-20 cm);

• Miniature;

• Decorative - using various methods of formation, achieve bouquet or large-flowered form.

Chrysanthemums are dependent on the duration of daylight hours. A long light day contributes to the growth of vegetative mass of the plant, short - 14 hours, rapid growth of inflorescences. Strongly sensitive and medium-sensitive to the longitude of the day, varieties are grown in a closed ground. Neutral varieties are suitable for open ground.

According to the terms of flowering, varieties are distinguished:

• Early - blossom from August to October;

• Mid-late - from October to November;

• Late - from November to December.

Flowering in the open ground continues until the frost.

Perspective varieties

Two groups of chrysanthemums are known to horticulturists - Indian and Korean. Chrysanthemum bush (its species are more resistant to cold temperatures and suitable for growing in unprotected ground) is not afraid of light frosts.

Description and species of chrysanthemums, promising for growing in temperate climate, can be seen below:

1. Aysa is a variety of early flowering, non-primary. Flowers are tender-salmon, 5 cm in diameter.

2. Evening lights are curb varieties. Inflorescences have a transitional coloration: from rich red at the edges to yellow in the center.

3. Koreanochka - abundantly blooms from July to the end of September with light orange baskets.

4. Malchish-kibalchish - bright purple inflorescences are placed on a compact, spherical bush. Early flowering.

5. Amethyst - changes color of flowers from pink and yellow in July to pearly pink in October.

6. Svetozar - milky-white inflorescences, terry. Middle-late variety.

7. Chicken ryaba - on the column- shaped bush a lot of dark orange flowers with yellow edges of petals, 4 cm in diameter.

8. Sturdy - curb grade. Blooms abundantly until frosts in dark yellow baskets.

9. The ampel variety of chrysanthemums Morifolium Cascade gives small, daisy-like flowers.

10. Alek Bedser - cultivated in protected soil conditions. Blooms in September with a single flower of yellow-cream color, 14 cm in diameter.

Chrysanthemum crowned vegetable - annual plant. It is used as a source of vitamins, minerals and biologically active substances. Chrysanthemum crowned has a delicate aroma and piquant taste. In food there is a green mass of plants. The content of antioxidant complex is comparable with the root of ginseng. Chrysanthemum garden (species, varieties and hybrids) is cultivated in hothouse conditions.

As a result of selection, many varieties have been created, differing in shape and color of inflorescences, in terms of duration and duration of flowering.

Requirements for growing conditions

Chrysanthemum, species and varieties of it prefer well-composted or dry mulled weakly acid soils. Does not tolerate waterlogging. Overly fertilized humus actively increases vegetative organs, flowering deteriorates. It grows well in high flowerbeds, in lighted, warm places.

Planting material in the form of rooted cuttings are planted in the soil at the end of frosts - in May-June. The root neck is placed at ground level. For landing work choose a cool time of day or cloudy days. Just planted chrysanthemums are covered with a tent from the sun. On the first day, remove the growth point - make the first prischipku. Next prishchipka in 2 weeks - breaking the upper part of the shoot.

Chrysanthemums will bloom earlier, if you create a dark for them from 18 hours to 8 am. Abundantly watered in dry weather and during the growth of shoots.

Care

More than 2-3 years, you can not grow any kind of chrysanthemum on one plot. And care for the substrate must be thorough. In soil, the supply of nutrients decreases and the risk of infection appears. In the first month there is an intensive formation of the bush - the plant requires loosening of the soil. Before the appearance of the first bud, bushes are watered 3 times a week. Mulching protects chrysanthemums from pests and fungal diseases. As mulch use pine needles and crushed bark or straw.

It is necessary to make 3 top dressings during the summer - before budding, at the beginning of budding and during the period of lush flowering.

To get a lush bush, shorten the stems. Prishlipku produced during the whole of June. In plants with large flowers, remove lateral shoots, ensuring the growth of the main shoots. Large-flowered leaves 1 or 2 stems.

Wintering

Some varieties of Korean chrysanthemum well tolerate winter in open ground on dry plots. Wintering on wet soil is detrimental to a flower. Chrysanthemums are made high or low, under the root, pruned and hilled. Then they cover it with a claw-foot. You can cover with wooden boxes, and top with old blankets. With the onset of spring old stems and shoots are removed. Underground side shoots will give a new life to the flower.

Large-flowered heat-loving chrysanthemums hibernate in a bright room at a temperature of 5-7 ° C. Highly cropped plants are placed in boxes. With the appearance of sprouts moderately watered.

Reproduction

Seeds are sown in moist soil at the end of winter. Sprinkle with the earth is not necessary - the seeds germinate under light. The resulting shoots are placed in pots, in the ground planted in May, in the holes.

When cuttings are cut through varieties, uterine bushes are chosen. Crop in the fall stem cuttings, planted in boxes and stored first in the heat for 10 days, moderately watering. Then put in a cool room. In spring, from the roots appear apical offspring, from which take cuttings for reproduction. To get a multistage bush, the cuttings begin to be harvested from March to April. From May to June they store material for growing single-stem large-flowered plants.

When multiplying by dividing dig a bush in the spring, dismantled and planted in a new place. In this case, each germ has its roots. It is recommended to divide the bush every three years and plant it. This will have a positive effect on flowering.

Pests and diseases

White rust is caused by the parasite Puccinia horiana, which is a quarantine object. On the leaves appear white spots, which then brown. Sick leaves fall off. The plant ceases to bloom.

The effect of anamorphic fungi causes spotting of leaves and stems.

Buds and inflorescences are affected by alternaria.

California thrips, greenhouse aphids, spider mites harm chrysanthemums in greenhouses and in open ground conditions.

The cucumber mosaic virus is transmitted during vegetative propagation. Leaves with light green spots die and fall off. Deformation and dwarfism of plants develops.

To control pests and fungi, use fungicides and insecticides by spraying.

A root nematode is a dangerous pest. Fighting it often does not lead to success. Experienced gardeners are advised to dig up the infected bushes and burn.

You can use folk remedies to fight insects. If aphids do not breed in large quantities, wash the bushes with soapy water.

A good result is a garlic extract: 50 grams of chopped garlic is poured with 1 glass of water. After 30 minutes, filter and add 800 ml of water. 1.5 cups of extracts are bred in a bucket of water and shed bushes.

From pests and diseases it is impossible to get rid without preventive measures:

1. It is necessary to make an autumn deep digging of the site - wintering larvae and pupae die.

2. Weeds are destroyed not only next to flowers and in greenhouses, but also throughout the site.

3. Carry out disinfection of garden tools and all constructions of the greenhouse.

All leaves fallen from the bushes should be burned.

Potted Chrysanthemums

For normal growth at home or on the balcony, flowers do not require much sun. The optimum temperature is up to 15 ° C. The types of chrysanthemums in pots grow well on peat with low acidity. The soil composition for pot culture includes soddy and humus soil, burned manure and 20% sand.

Sequence of actions during cultivation:

• 2-3 weeks at a long light day at t more than 20 ° C;

• When the light day is shortened to 12 hours and t decreases to 18-20 ° C, flowering begins.

Well watered and sprinkled. Growing flowers require transplantation in large containers. All kinds of chrysanthemums can be grown as indoor. Types of indoor chrysanthemums for growing in pots, it is better to take medium-sized - up to 50 cm, decorative and small-color.

Growing in greenhouses

Grow in greenhouses in various ways:

1. Cuttings cut into drawers with the onset of heat are transferred to the open ground. At the end of flowering plants are planted in pots. Then they send it to the greenhouse to continue flowering.

2. You can plant rooted cuttings in pots. When the bush grows, larger pots are required. Bushes are planted in a film greenhouse at once, bypassing the open ground.

3. Accelerated cultivation is based on the selection of the variety and takes into account the biological specific features. During vegetative growth, the light day should be at least 14 hours, t 18-20 °. When buds are formed, the day is shortened to 10 hours, the temperature is reduced to 10 °.

With this technology 2-3 flowering per year are possible. In order to receive the flower production at the desired time, well-equipped greenhouses are needed to grow all kinds of chrysanthemums, where the microclimate, darkening or electric lighting of bushes, the necessary humidity level is regulated.

A variety of colors are distinguished by the garden species of chrysanthemums, the photos of which are placed at the top.

In southern California in the 30 years of the XX century, gardeners in industrial conditions tried to cultivate on the hydroponic plants various types of chrysanthemums. And growing in this way was successful.

Sand and gravel are used as hydroponic substrates.

The advantage of the hydroponic method over the traditional method is that strong shoots, bright leaves and richly colored inflorescences are formed faster, a powerful root system is formed.

Chrysanthemums, in view of their medicinal properties, during a profuse flowering have a beneficial effect on human health. All varieties and species - garden, greenhouse, cluster and single-stem - create a favorable microclimate around themselves. It separates bactericidal substances and essential oils, filling the air with a bitterish aroma.

Since a long time, the healing properties of the flower are known. The leaves contain a large number of microelements - K, Mg, Zn, Se, necessary for human life. In China, it is believed that the flowers of chrysanthemum, brewed together with green tea, increase its refreshing, flavoring and healing properties.